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...energy they need to survive by oxidising sulfur. This group hadn’t been considered as organisms that could be viable on Mars but knowing they are capable of surviving under conditions that are very similar to Mars’s means we can ask questions about what might have happened to the chemistry of Mars if microbes like these had once lived there, giving us a potential...

...Solar System. For this reason, the discovery of water is the primary goal of many space missions. Despite being 55 million kilometres from Earth, Mars (Figure 1b) can often be spotted with the naked eye in the night sky as a reddish-orange object (Figure 2). It has been observed throughout human history, with the earliest record dating back to ancient Egypt, and for this...

...energy from one place to another. In this short course you will discover the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves and gain an understanding of the properties of waves. You will gain an understanding of the process of echolocation and then undertake some online research to discover how bats use echolocation to locate their prey. You will also learn how...

...energy and to evade medication, by parasitizing the host’s cells. This makes it extremely difficult to use chemotherapy to target the virus itself, without impacting on the normal function of the cells within the body. However, extensive research and cutting-edge techniques have led to the production of highly successful drugs for specific viral infections, most notably...