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...energy state of electrons increases from the innermost to the outer shells. Fluorescent molecules, also called fluorophores, generally contain rings of carbon atoms (called aromatic rings). These molecules can absorb incoming energy (usually in the form of light). As a result of the absorption of energy, electrons within the molecules change from a resting condition...

...Solar System. For this reason, the discovery of water is the primary goal of many space missions. Despite being 55 million kilometres from Earth, Mars (Figure 1b) can often be spotted with the naked eye in the night sky as a reddish-orange object (Figure 2). It has been observed throughout human history, with the earliest record dating back to ancient Egypt, and for this...

...energy from one place to another. In this short course you will discover the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves and gain an understanding of the properties of waves. You will gain an understanding of the process of echolocation and then undertake some online research to discover how bats use echolocation to locate their prey. You will also learn how...

...energy and to evade medication, by parasitizing the host’s cells. This makes it extremely difficult to use chemotherapy to target the virus itself, without impacting on the normal function of the cells within the body. However, extensive research and cutting-edge techniques have led to the production of highly successful drugs for specific viral infections, most notably...

...energy intensive to produce due to the materials that compose them. New ideas needed So what is the alternative to the current system? If car travel is going to remain common, perhaps we need to be smarter about how we build and use them. Our cars currently spend 92% of their time parked – and, when driving, most of their weight is used only to carry one person most of...