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...solid, or fabricated. Rate of pattern production in dies is approximately 1 pattern min–1. Patterns are initially undersize, but quickly expand to die size. Shrinkage then occurs over the next 30 days, and patterns are usually used after this shrinkage. Ready-made patterns can easily be obtained from firms which specialise in packaging, and if patterns are small, large...

...liquid, some that are solid, and others are gaseous. Can you organise your list into these three states of matter? Liquid: rivers and lakes, puddles, rain Solid: ice, snow, frost Gaseous: steam Fog cannot easily be organised because it consists of tiny droplets of water or ice that float in the air. For this reason, it may be best described as a ‘suspension’. There...

...liquid slag sitting in the weld gap. Melted material from the workpiece amalgamates with molten flux, to form the weld joint...Electro-slag welding Electro-slag welding is used to butt weld together thick sections (>20mm). Sections to be joined are fixed in the vertical plane. Water-cooled copper shoes are pressed tightly against each side of the joint (at the bottom...

...solid rocks bend into huge folds, or flow like a liquid over geological time?' Minerals and rocks are also, of course, natural resources that provide the inorganic raw materials for almost everything humans use. A good scientific understanding of their origins, occurrence and properties helps to maximise their potential benefits to humanity. In this course, you will look...

...solid consumable ring of compatible material is rotated between the ends of the two stationary pipes. [Images to demonstrate 'Friction Welding' - see article] [Images to demonstrate 'Friction Welding' - see article] Materials: Materials can be conveniently classified according to their “friction weldability”, as follows, in order of decreasing weldability: Group A....

...solid wastes will almost certainly be left on the planet to lighten the load for take-off back to space. The COSPAR policy recognises these issues, in a hand-wringy sort of way. It requires humans to avoid “special regions” of Mars (including where liquid water is suspected at or near the surface), until a “comprehensive planetary protection protocol for human...

...liquid water oceans underneath their ice shells. Origin of life So far, we only know of one place where life has arisen, and that’s here on Earth. However, the ocean of Europa offers the possibility of a second abiogenesis (origin of life). Interactions between its ice shell and space, or the ocean and the rocky interior, allow for water-rock reactions that might...