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...local and national open data, data streams from both key infrastructure networks (energy, transport, water) and other relevant sensor networks (e.g. weather and pollution data), data crowdsourced from social media and mobile applications. First, smart city developments provide data to human actors in urban governance networks for decision-support purposes. In contrast, AI-based technologies draw upon all manner of ......

...solar system. That meant that there wasn’t much chance for life to get a start. It wasn’t until 4:30 AM that we see the earliest evidence for life on Earth. And it’s not until 5:38 that we actually have any good fossils. And even these are microscopic. Sometime around dawn, life started to produce enough oxygen from photosynthesis that oxygen started to become...

...energy. It may be a bit perplexing that the same word has such different meanings, and some authors do prefer to use different words. However, in this unit we have decided to stick to one term only, because it is normally quite easy to understand what it refers to from the context in which it appears. The remainder of this unit is a short introduction to the phenomenon of...