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...of unsatisfactory features. It showed up again in 1924 in the doctoral thesis of Louis de Broglie (1892-1987), who suggested that entities which are normally thought of as particles, such as electrons, actually have a wave-like aspect to their behaviour. Einstein, Bohr and de Broglie all received Nobel Prizes in recognition of their work. These early developments were strikingly out of step with ......

...de-skilling of the task in hand. For example, transferring a craftsperson’s skill into a computer program for operating a lathe allows a lower-skilled operator to produce a finished article to the same standard as the original craftsperson. And the development of a ‘script’ for use in a telephone call centre allows the de-skilling of people doing customer-facing...

...de criminastique (Treaty of Criminalistics), in the 1920s postulating that microscopic examination of clothing and other physical evidence could reveal information about the history of the wearer. He is best known for Locard’s Exchange Principle which can be summarised as ‘every contact leaves a trace’ Locard’s Exchange Principle states: ‘Wherever two surfaces...