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...climates, the temperature can change abruptly and often unpredictably. In fact, both the localities featured on Figure 1 are on coasts, where the sea keeps the climate much more equable. Further inland, fluctuations in temperature are even greater. Polar organisms are thus adapted both to the extreme cold and to abrupt fluctuations in temperature. The Arctic Circle (66°...

...climate and nutrient cycles; and often-overlooked, but still very important cultural benefits which consider spiritual and recreational services. These are extensively studied in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment initiatives of the UN. From Healthy Environment to Healthy People This year, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)’s just released, thematic report...