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...DNA. The characteristics of any organism is defined by the sequence of bases in its genome. The test for a virus detects just a unique segment of the entire viral genome. The standard procedure is carried out in three phases: Isolation of the viral RNA from swabs taken from the nose or throat. Conversion of the RNA sequence into a corresponding DNA sequence (reverse...

...DNA sequences, such as the presence of mutations within a gene sequence. The last of these is becoming much more common in the wake of the Human Genome Project. The technical details of particular tests are changing fast and they are becoming much more accurate. But the important point is that it is possible to test for more genes, and more variants of those genes, using...

...DNA can categorise us, explore the biology behind our love for pets, and examine the rise of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. These beginner level resources offer an accessible starting point into the fascinating world of genetics and human biology. Chemistry - chemical elements From diamonds to dynamite, everything involves a chemical reaction. You can discover more...

...DNA. Joined together, the cell is termed diploid, for twice, or double. Two halves make a whole. From that moment forward, nearly all cells in that body have the same genetic makeup. When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the...

...DNA vaccines containing ‘naked’ DNA encoding specific pathogen antigens; Genetic engineering of genes coding for key pathogen antigens either as subunits, or for cloning into non-pathogenic infectious agents used as ‘gene vectors’ for expression in the vaccine recipient...Vaccination: 4.2 Intact killed pathogens - The first deliberate attempts to create a killed...