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...solid form. [watery cellulose chain] How is the plant material prepared for paper making? Plant fibres are separated either mechanically by pounding the plant material or chemically by soaking the plant material in a chemical bath. In practice, a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping is often used. [telephone books and newspapers] Mechanical Pulping Plant...

...liquid water deep below their icy surfaces, where conditions may be suitable for life. Two of the best-studied of these icy moons are Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, and Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. Enceladus (Figure 1) is relatively small; approximately 500 km in diameter. But despite its small stature, Enceladus has captivated planetary scientists. The Cassini...

...album Declining Oil and Gas Reserves How long have we got before all the Earth's fossil fuels are depleted? What will happen to gas prices when the North Sea gas reserves are gone? The Future of Energy The next century will see massive change in sea levels and increased flooding. Switching to liquid fuel, hydrogen and renewables will reduce the effects of climate change....

...liquid water on the surface of the Red Planet to evaporate. You might wonder how we know this: if we watch attentively, we can see the incisions that water carved, like scars on the skin of the planet. These features are also covered with salts, such as chlorates and carbonates, and especially sulphates. These minerals originate when water and rocks interact with each...

...liquid alum* ferrous sulfate (try and buy this chemical in 100mg tablet form – it’s used in the treatment of anaemia)* citric acid* cream of tartar* a number of heat-resistant containers of various capacities some form of tongs rubber gloves and apron * available from most pharmacies [alum, washing-up liquid, cream of tartar] Tips Record all of your observations and...

...liquid argon and liquid nitrogen, which is vaporised and passes through a control system before entry into the atomiser. The gases also act as a protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the spray droplets. An integral part of the preforming unit is the preforming mechanism to which the preform collector is attached. This is driven by means of a hydraulic power pack,...