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...Cast irons can be phosphated (if surface is clean). Aluminium, magnesium, zinc and cadmium can be chromate conversion coated: 100,000 tons per year of aluminium is chromate treated as an intermediate coating and on painted or lacquered strip. Spray-applied PTFE coatings (XYLAN XL™) have good marine corrosion protection and low coefficients of friction. Design: Phosphate...

...aluminium alloys are hot forged with little problem; including the aluminium/magnesium/silicon series (6000) and the aluminium/copper-based alloys (2000). Titanium alloy ingots are initially hot worked before further deformation. This includes the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which has excellent forgeability. Initial ingot breakdown is done just above the β transus temperature. Any...

...aluminium should react with oxygen more readily than iron, which is easily oxidized in the presence of water and oxygen. How is it then that aluminium can be used for aeroplanes which are in constant contact with water and oxygen? In reality, aluminium does react with oxygen very rapidly and forms aluminium oxide, Al2O3. The oxide has the ability to adhere to the surface...

...sand. Those that gambol in the surf or impress with beach volleyball may cover more like 25 square metres. With around 4 metres depth of sand, and with your average grain of sand being a tiny 0.7 mm^3 – allowing for gaps – there’s about 10^11 grains per active bather. By coincidence, that is approximately the number of neurons packed – much more tightly – into...

...aluminium compounds. Additionally oxidising agents, such as ozone or chlorine, are vital in the disinfection of water. This OpenLearn course focuses on the chemistry of the p-block elements in Groups 13 to 18 of the Periodic Table...Do you want to know what’s in the water that you drink? This free course, What chemical compounds might be present in drinking water?,...

...aluminium, magnesium and aluminium-bronze alloys to break down the tenacious surface oxides on the metal surface. Use of high purity argon enables reactive metals such as titanium and zirconium to be welded, with argon shrouds and d.c. current. Thin walled (1.6 mm and less) stainless steel tubing can be TIG welded by rotating the welding head and fixing the tube. This is...

...aluminium and zinc. Have a good combination of hardness and toughness, coupled with good low temperature corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and machinability. Aluminium bronze is used for bearings and as a bond coat for other spray coatings. Brass is used to coat bushings and to repair castings. Iron–based alloys are most widely used since they combine...