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...article] Open die forging between flat dies: [Diagrams to demonstrate Hot Forging (open die) - see article] Open die forging between flat narrow dies: [Diagrams to demonstrate Hot Forging (open die) - see article] Manufacture:​ There are a wide variety of open die hot forging processes; including slab, shaft, mandrel, ring and hollow forging. Forgings vary in size,...

...article ] Superplastic form bonding process (SPF/DB) [Images to demonstrate 'Diffusion bonding (SPF/DB or form bonding)' - see article ] Manufacture: No macroscopic deformation of the components occurs, and the process relies on the atomic movement of atoms to remove voids, rather than gross plastic deformation as in pressure welding. Process relies on a combination of...

...article] [Diagram to demonstrate Hot forging (open die) - see article] [Diagram to demonstrate Hot forging (open die) - see article] Closed die forging without flash formation Totally enclosed dies. Accurate preform volume and/or weight has to be used High tool loads. No flash waste. [Diagram to demonstrate Hot forging (open die) - see article] [Diagram to demonstrate Hot...

...article ] Assembled bolted joint [Images to demonstrate 'Fasteners' - see article ] Manufacture: Nuts and bolts Used primarily for structural, load-carrying joints, which are to be demountable for inspection, repair and maintenance. Fine threads should be used in preference to coarse threads where high strength is required. Rivets Used primarily for “low strength”...

...article] Shaped rolling (L-section) Flat slab passed through a series of rolls with shaped grooves in them (1–7). [Diagrams to demonstrate 'Hot rolling' - see article] Transverse rolling – two types: Cross rolling Circular wedge tools used. Heated bar cropped to length fed in transversely between rolls. One revolution of rolls only. [Diagrams to demonstrate 'Hot...

...article ] [Images to demonstrate 'Injected metal assembly (Liquid riveting)' - see article ] Manufacture: Parts to be joined need not be cleaned, since the process relies on mechanical locking. Parts can be loaded manually, depending on design, numbers, orientation, volume of metal to be injected, etc. Fully automatic systems are more expensive and less versatile, since...

...article] Backward extrusion Heated billet is backward extruded by smaller diameter top punch. Shorter lengths than forward extrusion. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Hot extrusion' - see article] Hydrostatic extrusion Heated billet is surrounded by high-pressure fluid. Loads are lower than extrusion in containers. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Hot extrusion' - see article]...

...article] (Front elevation) [Diagram to demonstrate 'Rotary forging, General forging machine (GFM) and Swaging' see article] (Side elevation) Rotary swaging The workpiece is stationary, while the hammers rotate. Construction resembles a roller bearing. The anvils are free to move rapidly in a slot of the rotating shaft, and are thus hurled against the rollers which, in...