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...C and Nitrotec S. Nitrotec C: components are carburised or carbonitrided before the nitriding sequence. Nitrotec S: component is mechanically polished after quenching, followed by the secondary oxidation stage. No organic sealant applied. Nitriding takes place in an ammonia/carrier gas atmosphere at 570–750°C controlled to ± 5°C. Times vary from 45 to 120 min...

...C for steel). Billet is lubricated with graphite (no need for phosphate/soap lubricants). Billet is warm forged in totally enclosed heated dies at lower loads than for cold forging. [Diagrams to demonstrate 'Warm forging' - see article] Manufacture: Warm forging is used as an alternative process to cold forging, or is combined with cold forging. Usually applied for...

...C. Extrusion speed varies with the type of material: pure aluminium 70 m min-1 heat treatable Al alloy 1 m min-1 Backward extrusion is used to produce hollow components having a closed end, by forcing a smaller-diameter punch into the slug so that metal flows around and back up the punch. Hydrostatic extrusion uses a hydrostatic pressure of a fluid on all sides of the...

...hardness will be obtained on quenching from the austenite region: a minimum of 0.3% C. Most materials have at least 0.4% C, and up to 0.7% C. Plain carbon steels, alloy steels and grey, nodular and malleable cast irons; the temperature depends on the material: 750–760° C 0.5% plain carbon 900–800° C chromium–molybdenum alloy steels 950–......

...C. elegans to Investigate Neurobiological Mechanisms [Fluorescent neurons in the head of C. elegans] Fluorescent neurons in the head of C. elegans. Caenorhabditis elegans - a nematode worm, was originally described as a model organism by Nobel Prize-winner Sydney Brenner in 1974. Since then it has become one of the most completely understood multicellular organisms on the...

...C, N) coatings to 500 μm h-1 for tungsten, typically 5–20 μm h-1. Coating of machine and press tools at a higher temperature (>900°C) than PVD (>500°C) means that subsequent heat treatment is necessary to restore the hardness of tool steels. This can lead to cracking and distortion, so for close-tolerance tools PVD is preferable. However, CVD is suitable for...