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...you are not careful, the use of double-headed arrows can obscure important differences in the types of influence and their magnitude, which is seldom, if ever, equal. Use two arrows pointing in opposite directions instead. Space and relative distance can also be used to suggest things about the nature of the relationships shown (e.g. an important but remote relationship)....

...care not to combine two factors into one, e.g. ‘battery is flat and car won’t start’. This can prevent you identifying differences in their causes or consequences, and therefore can prevent you from finding potential good points at which to intervene in the situation. This type of diagram does not distinguish between necessary and/or sufficient causes – if the...

...adults, as the skull is solid, an excess of CSF causes increased pressure inside the skull, which can lead to complications such as awful headaches, visual impairment and hearing problems. There are several different types of cells in the brain, depending on their functions. For example, there are epithelial cells, which are in charge of creating CSF, and neurons, in...