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...c, s, t and b, which stand for up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. The up, charm and top quarks each carry a positive charge of prefix plus of two divided by three times e , while the down, strange and bottom quarks each carry a negative charge of negative one divided by three times e . Like the leptons, the six quarks are often grouped into three generations on the...

...C, Yalu Jiang, China, 24 March to 1 May. For some species, there may be no opportunity to learn a route prior to setting off. Young ospreys born on Martha's Vineyard, an island off the east coast of Massachusetts, do not migrate with their parents but set off alone to spend the winter in Central or South America (Video 4). They are thought to find their way by flying...

...are different. These three types can be labelled as [a, a, a], [a, a, b] and [a, b, c] respectively, where a, b, c each represent a different number on the dice. Activity 2 Three types of outcome Timing: Allow about 10 minutes In the first case [a, a, a], all three dice produce the same number, so there is only one way of rolling this combination. What about the other two cases? Can you work out how many ......