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...physical processes occurring within a plinian eruption column make it convenient to describe it in three parts. [Ejecta] A plinian eruption column, showing the gas thrust region, the region of convective ascent, and the umbrella cloud. In the lower part of the column, fragments are driven upwards by the force of expanding gas in the conduit. This is called the gas thrust...

...physical properties. A few minerals occur as single elements, like nuggets of gold, crystals of diamond (composed of carbon), and sulphur found in volcanoes. Most minerals though, are compounds, i.e. different combinations of different elements, just like words are various combinations of different letters. The mineral quartz (SiO2) is quite a simple word, just made up of...

...physically similar as far as possible and also appeared to be affected by scurvy to a similar level. He also ensured that, with the exception of the experimental treatment, the sailors had the same diet and were kept in the same area of the ship. In addition, in the 1700s, all sailors would have been male so sex would not affect the results. With the knowledge available...