Education & Development
How do we explain racial disproportionality in the criminal justice systems in the US and England and Wales?
...et al., 2000) publication ‘Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction’ which challenges the utility of the concept and emphasises its vagaries. Lea (2000) critiques Macpherson’s definition and use of institutional racism as conflating individual and intentional racism with unconscious racism and bias. Lea argues that individual actions are highlighted over...