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...et al, 2020;; Gov.uk, 2019; London.gov.uk, 2020) US England & Wales Black and Latinx drivers were stopped and searched roughly two times more than White drivers (from analysis of data from 100 million traffic stops across US police forces) From April 2018 to March 2019, there were 38 stop and searches for every 1,000 Black people compared to 4 stop and searches for every...

...et al., 2000) publication ‘Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction’ which challenges the utility of the concept and emphasises its vagaries. Lea (2000) critiques Macpherson’s definition and use of institutional racism as conflating individual and intentional racism with unconscious racism and bias. Lea argues that individual actions are highlighted over...

...et al, 2006) COUNTRY/REGION SOME OF THE DRIVING FORCES France Trying to control a powerful catholic church. Prussia Supporting the development of the protestant faith. Scandinavia Supporting the development of the protestant faith. Japan Developing industrial and military competitiveness; reorganising national institutions; creating national solidarity, a central...