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...work on land belonging to another person. The reward for labour is optional, but the person subjected to serfdom is unable to change their status. Furthermore, the status of a serf was hereditary in nature, which often affected entire families. In the late fourteenth century, following the Black Death, Europe began to engage in the transatlantic slave trade. The slave...

...work together. That idea about change existed long before the Open University. But how was it transmitted? This banner, recently found in the village hall in Fringford, Oxfordshire, can be used to help us find out. This banner was made in the late nineteenth-century for a branch of a friendly society, a voluntary, mutual aid body. This one was called the Independent Order...