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...public health, and social scientist lenses. They discuss the complexities of social norms, social convention, pluralistic ignorance, human rights, universalist and cultural relativism and feminist approaches (Fisaha, 2016; Shell-Duncan et al., 2018; Gruenbaum et al., 2022; UNICEF, 2022; Van Bavel, 2023; Burrage, 2025). References Althaus, F. A. (1997) ‘Female...

...public mental health messages aimed at improving the mental health and wellbeing of the whole population. Being active is one of the five messages, with guidance to enjoy physical activity that is suited to individual needs, such as mobility and fitness, given. [Poster explaining the Five Ways to Wellbeing: connect, be active, take notice, keep learning, give. Full...

...Public health officials in the USA in the 1940s were actively campaigning to halt the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in ways that may surprise you (Figure 11a), and in the decade ending in 1960 more than 102 000 people in the USA – many of them children (Figure 11b) – were paralysed by polio (data from Post-Polio Health International, n.d.; note that ‘n.d.’ indicates...

...Public Health England, 2019). Some of the mental illnesses that can be experienced by adolescents are emotional disorders, eating disorders, psychosis and self-harm or suicide. At the time of writing the third largest cause of death for 15–19-year-olds was suicide (Public Health England, 2018); therefore it is crucial that adults working within health and social care...

...public health systems, pushing many people to visit private hospitals that charge high amounts for treatment and care. COVID-19 has demonstrated that the private model of health (i.e. health system relying mostly on for cost services) totally failed in a number of countries due to private hospitals electing to not treat COVID-19 patients. Those hospitals that were open...

...health and wellbeing needs of survivors of female genital mutilation (FGM) across the life course (WHO, 2016). This article focuses contextually on Northern Ireland (NI) as a devolved UK region. Northern Ireland has strategic frameworks, multiagency guidance, and pathways for FGM safeguarding, ending violence against women and girls (EVAWG), and ending domestic and sexual...