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...aluminium and its alloys, copper, 70-30 brass, mild steel, stainless steel and titanium. Mild steel up to 9 mm thick can be spun. Stainless steel up to 3 mm thick can also be spun. Design: In general, the larger the component, the more favourable metal spinning becomes. Thicknesses between 0.25 and 9 mm can be spun, depending on the material. Blank diameters are usually...

...cast iron and aluminium, reinforced plastics Solid carbide- and diamond-impregnated Very hard steels and composites containing glass, graphite, boron and Kevlar Milling Materials are limited to those with a hardness less than the milling cutter, and should have the minimum ductility. Materials up to 320 Hv can be milled using high speed steel cutters, and up to 480 Hv...

...aluminium. Group D. Materials which produce sound joints when welded, but where the joint deteriorates during heat treatment or service, due to interdiffusion between the two materials: e.g. austenitic and ferritic stainless steel. This can sometimes be prevented by inserting a barrier; austenitic and ferritic stainless steels an be successfully welded using a nickel...

...Aluminium oxide AlCl3/H2/CO2 1200–1400 Tungsten WCl6/H2 900–1100 Titanium nitride TiCl4/Ti/H2/N2 800–1000 Titanium carbide TiCl4/Ti/H2/CH4 600–1000 Tungsten carbide WF6/H2/C6H6 400–550 Design: Complex shapes, including narrow internal surfaces such as extrusion dies for aluminium window frames, can be evenly coated. Surface finish depends on original surface of...

...Aluminium alloys can be keyhole welded, using solid-state power switching circuitry, to reverse polarity during welding. Surface cleanliness is important. Wire feeders supply wire at rates of 25–250 cm min-1. Good weld properties are achieved. Titanium and zirconium can be welded up to sections 19 mm thick using high purity argon. Stainless steel and nickel alloys up to...

...aluminium/stainless steel aluminium alloy/steel ceramic/metal, e.g. Al2O3/Mo nickel alloy/copper/stainless steel Design: Since the height and waviness of the surfaces controls the bond ratio (area of contact/area of void), surface roughness should be 0.05–0.2 µm Ra. Two, three and four sheet SPF/DB is used to produce complex structures such as honeycombs, sandwich...

...aluminium or steel. This gives a considerable reduction in tool costs for low to medium volume production for sheet products. Pressure depends on material being formed. Presses up to 20,000 tons are available. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Fluid and rubber die forming (Guerin and Hydroform)' see article ] Production rates vary from 1 min per component for rubber die forming to...

...worse. One puzzle is that it is hard for the wind to lift small small dust particles, which tend to stick together on the ground. On the other hand, the larger sand grains and gravel will not be transported very far in the air before they fall out. This video discusses these ideas and shows you how to simulate the important process of dust lifting by saltation. Transcript...