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...write the lowest note on the violin, the lower G on the top staff in Example 8, you would need the G that sits below the upper staff and has two ledger lines. The concept of ledger lines can also be applied at the top of the treble staff and at the bottom of the bass staff (Example 9). Example 9 However, the more ledger lines you use, the more difficult it is to read the...

...writing literature (which is not true of every language). This pushed them in novel and interesting directions, allowing them to express new ideas with freshly minted words or with existing words endowed with new meanings. We catch sight of this process in the development of Latin as a philosophical language. The responsibility for this lies primarily with Cicero, who has...

...Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence. The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course: Course image: Homer Sykes / Alamy Stock Photo ICAN logo:...

...writings about music, you will often find a distinction made between historical musicology (the history of music and musical practices), music theory (the study of how music is constructed) and ethnomusicology (the study of music cultures). You may also encounter the term ‘systematic musicology’, frequently used in central Europe, which refers to a range of...