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...redox’ for short). Plants are capable of photosynthesis, which means using light as a source of energy. Even though you may be familiar with these types of metabolisms, the microbial world offers an enormous diversity of alternatives which mean they can be found in environments on Earth where other organisms could not survive. On Europa, the thick ice layer (4–20 km)...

...a Professor in Inorganic Electrochemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Her research focusses on the redox properties of compounds many of which contain a transition metal. Such properties find many applications from solar energy conversion to catalytic processes and chemical biology pathways. She was awarded an honorary degree from The Open University in November 2014....

...redox, atmospheric and biological processes (Figure 4) generally involving water as a solvent. Plants require nitrogen, which is absorbed in the form of nitrate or ammonium ions, for the synthesis of nitrogenous organic compounds, such as amino acids, which are incorporated into the tissues of the plant. However, some of the intrinsic nitrogen is lost upon removing a crop...

...redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction. Typically, they exploit a reaction whose equilibrium position depends on temperature. For example if a high temperature (such as where hot fluids react with rock during hydrothermal circulation) drives the reaction in one direction but a low temperature (where vent water mixes back with ocean water) tends to drive the reaction the...