Acknowledgements
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The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:
Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Figures
Figure 1: https://dermnetnz.org/ topics/ viral-warts-images https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-nc-nd/ 3.0/ nz/
Figure 3: CNRI/Science Photo Library
Figure 6: Public Domain. Photo Credit: Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Fred Murphy - This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #4814
Figure 9: © The Open University based on SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 live updates (lubio.ch)
Audio visual
Video 1: Introduction to the Course: © The Open University (2023) Images: Getty Images
Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Week 2
Figures
Figure 1: adapted from: David Male, R. Stokes Peebles, Victoria Male (eds) (2020), (fig 1.15) in ‘Immunology 9th edition’, Elsevier
Figure 2: adapted from: David Male, R. Stokes Peebles, Victoria Male (eds) (2020), (fig 6.9) in ‘Immunology 9th edition’, Elsevier
Figure 5: adapted from David Male, R. Stokes Peebles, Victoria Male (eds) (2020) (fig10.1) in ‘Immunology 9th edition’, Elsevier
Figure 7:adapted from Roitt, I. (1998) ‘Primary and secondary antibody responses’, Immunology, 5th edn. Mosby International Ltd
Figure 10: adapted from Roitt, I. et al. (1998) Immunology, 5th edn. Mosby International Ltd
Audio Visual
Video 1: Immune defence: © The Open University. Diagram: adapted from Male. D, et al (eds) (2020), ‘Immunology 9th edition’, Elsevier
Video 2: Apoptosis: ‘Immunology Interactive 3.0’ by Professor David Male, Professor Jonathan Brostoff and Professor Ivan Roitt. Copyright © David Male. Courtesy Professor David Male
Video 3: Immune Defence: Courtesy Professor David Male
Video 4: Virus infection and immune responses ‘Immunology Interactive 3.0’ by Professor David Male, Professor Jonathan Brostoff and Professor Ivan Roitt. Copyright © David Male. Courtesy David Male
Week 3
Figures
Figure 1: adapted from: David Male et.al (eds) (2020) in ‘Immunology 9th edition’ published by Elsevier
Figure 2: adapted from: David Male et.al (eds) (2020) in ‘Immunology 9th edition’ published by Elsevier
Audio Visual
Video 1: ELISA laboratory video guide: courtesy: David Male © David Male
Week 4
Figures
Figure 1: SARS-CoV2 VOCs timeline: courtesy: David Male
Figure 2: Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases in the UK: adapted from: https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ details/ healthcare?areaType=nation&areaName=England https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Figure 3: COVID-19 vaccination heat map.: adapted from: https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ details/ vaccinations?areaType=nation&areaName=England https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Audio Visual
Video 1: ELISA laboratory video guide: courtesy David Male © David Male
Week 5
Figures
Figure 1: Daily incidence of SARS-CoV2 infections in the entire population of the UK adapted from: https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ details/ healthcare?areaType=nation&areaName=England https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Figure 2: The protein components of plasma. Courtesy: David Male
Figure 3: Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study Prof Marina Pollán, MD,(Figure 2) in: Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study - The Lancet
Figure 4: Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to spike protein in UK blood donors: https://www.gov.uk/ government/ publications/ national-covid-19-surveillance-reports/ sero-surveillance-of-covid-19 https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Week 6
Figures
Figure 4: Estimated values of RE in the UK: https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ details/ healthcare?areaType=nation&areaName=England https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Audio Visual
Video 1: Introduction to week 6: © The Open University. Images: Getty images
Week 7
Figures
Figure 3: Schedule of a phase-1 vaccine trial. Courtesy David Male
Figure 5: from Wei, J., Pouwels, K.B., Stoesser, N. et al. Antibody responses and correlates of protection in the general population after two doses of the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines. Nat Med (2022).Open Access Published: 14 February 2022
Figure 6: from https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/vaccinations?areaType=nation&areaName=England https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/ open-government-licence/ version/ 3/
Audio Visual
Video 1: Detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Courtesy David Male © David Male
Week 8
Figures
Figure 2: (a)and (b) in Viana, R., Moyo, S., Amoako, D.G. et al. Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa. Nature 603, 679–686 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04411-y open access
Figure 3: from Figure 1 | Cumulative sequence count over time B.1.1.7 in https://cov-lineages.org/ global_report_B.1.1.7https://cov-lineages.org/
Figure 4 from Figure 2 | Date of earliest_B.1.1.7 detected in https://cov-lineages.org/ global_report_B.1.1.7 https://cov-lineages.org/
Figure 5: https://www.npr.org/ sections/ goatsandsoda/ 2022/ 02/ 09/ 1047616658/ take-a-look-at-sars-cov-2s-family-tree-its-full-of-surpriseshttps://www.npr.org/https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 4.0/
Figure 6: from Fig. 1: Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, Alpha, Beta and Delta by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Planas, D., Veyer, D., Baidaliuk, A. et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature 596, 276–280 (2021). https://doi.org/ 10.1038/ s41586-021-03777-9
Figure 7: in Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Zhang F, DaSilva J et al. Escape form neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. eLife 9:e61312. https://elifesciences.org/ articles/ 61312 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Figure 8: Photo by RINGO CHIU/AFP via Getty Images
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