4.1 Approximations with decimals
Now you have looked at the place value system for decimals, can you use your rounding skills to estimate calculations using decimals? This skill would be needed in everyday life to approximate the cost of your shopping.
Example: Approximations with decimals
Give approximate answers to these. Round each decimal number to the nearest whole number before you calculate.
- 2.7 + 9.1
- 9.6 cm – 2.3 cm
- 2.8 g × 2.6 g
- 9.6 ml × 9.5 ml
Method
- 2.7 lies between 2 and 3, and is nearer to 3 than 2.
9.1 lies between 9 and 10, and is nearer to 9 than 10.
So our approximate answer is:
- 3 + 9 = 12
- Similarly, 9.6 cm lies between 9 cm and 10 cm and is nearer to 10 cm than 9 cm, and 2.3 cm is nearer to 2 cm than 3 cm. So our approximate answer is:
- 10 cm – 2 cm = 8 cm
- 2.8 g is nearer to 3 g than 2 g, and 2.6 g is also nearer to 3 g than 2 g. So our approximate answer is:
- 3 g × 3 g = 9 g
- 9.6 ml is nearer to 10 ml than 9 ml. 9.5 ml is exactly halfway between 9 ml and 10 ml. When this happens we always round up, meaning that 9.5 ml is rounded up to 10 ml. So our approximate answer is:
- 10 ml × 10 ml = 100 ml
Example: Rounding to two decimal places
You may be asked to round a number to two decimal places. All this means is if you are faced with lots of numbers after the decimal point, you will be asked to only leave two numbers after the decimal point. This is useful when a calculator gives us lots of decimal places.
- Round 3.426 correct to two decimal places (we want two digits after the decimal point).
Method
Look at the third digit after the decimal point.
If it is 5 or more, round the previous digit up by 1. If it is less than 5, leave the previous digit unchanged.
The third digit after the decimal point in 3.426 is 6. This is more than 5, so you should round up the previous digit, 2, to 3.
So the answer is 3.43.
- Round 2.8529 to two decimal places.
Method
As in part (a) above, the question is asking you to round to two digits after the decimal point.
Look again at the third digit after the decimal point.
This is 2 (less than 5) so we leave the previous digit (5) unchanged.
The answer is 2.85.
- Round 1.685 to two decimal places.
Here, the third digit after the decimal point is 5, which means the previous digit (8) needs to be rounded up.
The answer is 1.69.
Use the example above to help you with the following activity. Remember to check your answers once you have completed the questions.
Hint: ‘Five or more, raise the score!’
Activity 24: Rounding
- Work out approximate answers to these by rounding each decimal number to the nearest whole number:
- a.3.72 + 8.4
- b.9.6 – 1.312
- c.2.8 × 3.4
- d.9.51 ÷ 1.5
- Round the following numbers to two decimal places:
- a.3.846
- b.2.981
- c.3.475
Answer
- The answers are as follows:
a.The nearest whole number to 3.72 is 4.
The nearest whole number to 8.4 is 8.
So our approximate answer is:
4 + 8 = 12
b.The nearest whole number to 9.6 is 10.
The nearest whole number to 1.312 is 1.
So our approximate answer is:
10 – 1 = 9
c.The nearest whole number to 2.8 is 3.
The nearest whole number to 3.4 is 3.
So our approximate answer is:
3 × 3 = 9
d.The nearest whole number to 9.51 is 10.
The nearest whole number to 1.5 is 2.
So our approximate answer is:
10 ÷ 2 = 5
- The answers are as follows:
a.To round to two decimal places, look at the third digit after the decimal point. This is more than 5, so round the previous digit (4) up to 5.
The answer is 3.85.
b.In this case, the third digit after the decimal point is less than 5, so leave the previous digit unchanged.
The answer is 2.98.
c.The third digit after the decimal point here is 5. Remember in this case we always round up.
The answer is 3.48.