Acknowledgements

This free course was written by Helen King, a Professor of Classical Studies at The Open University, with support from Laurence Totelin and Patty Baker. It was first published in August 2019.

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] ), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.

Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Figures

Figure 1: Santiago Lopez-Pastor; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/

Figure 2: taken from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank_coprolite; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/

Figure 3: John Greim / LightRocket / Getty Images

Figure 4: Ancient Roman latrines / latrinae, Ostia Antica. Fubar Obfusco

Figure 5: Gift of Edward Perry Warren, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Figure 6: The Vroma Project; http://www.vroma.org/

Figure 7: ilbusca/Getty Images

Figure 8: © Joseph Kuhn-Regnier/art.com

Figure 9: Stefano Bolognini; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/

Figure 10: smartstock; iStockphoto.com

Figure 11: Wenjie Zhang; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 2.0/

The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:

Don’t miss out

If reading this text has inspired you to learn more, you may be interested in joining the millions of people who discover our free learning resources and qualifications by visiting The Open University – www.open.edu/ openlearn/ free-courses.