Why do astronauts float on the space station? Contrary to popular belief, it isn't because there's no gravity. The gravitational pull of the Earth is almost as strong in the orbit of the International Space Station as it is on you as you read this. Astronauts are experiencing weightlessness because they are in a microgravity environment.
But what is microgravity and how does it help scientific research? David Mitchell explains in this four-part series. Explore how we recreate microgravity conditions here on Earth using drop towers, parabolic flights and even beds! Find out how this helps us to understand processes as diverse as human aging, bacterial resistance, and planet formation—without going to space at all!
The series is funded by the UK Space Agency—learn about their Principia mission and read Andrew Kuh's What is microgravity? post on their blog. For a different take, you can read the OU's Sabrina Gaertner's post on The Conversation, Explainer: What is microgravity?
Video 1: What is microgravity?
What causes that feeling of momentarily losing your stomach when you go over a hump-back bridge? Weightlessness! This video, narrated by David Mitchell, explains what microgravity is and the value for scientists of creating a ‘weightless' environment on Earth.
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Motion under gravity
From the moment that Galileo dropped two cannonballs of different sizes and weights from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa mankind has been fascinated by the impact of gravity. This free course, Motion under gravity, looks at gravity, its impact on objects and how the energy involved in the movement of objects is dispersed or stored.
Learn moreMotion under gravityLevel: 1 Introductory
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Describing motion along a line
Motion is vital to life, and to science. This free course, Describing motion along a line, will help you to understand why classical motion is probably the most fundamental part of physics. You will examine motion along a line and the ways in which such motion can be represented, through the use of graphs, equations and differential calculus.
Learn moreDescribing motion along a lineLevel: 2 Intermediate
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BSc (Honours) Natural Sciences
This degree is ideal if you're keen to study a specific area of science, or interested in studying across the scientific disciplines. Many of the challenges facing society today will involve a cross-disciplinary approach and this degree provides you with the opportunity to explore a range of sciences. It starts with a wide-ranging introduction to highly topical areas of modern science, giving you a good grounding in each before specialising. You can then continue with a broad-based approach, where you select modules in areas of interest to you. Or choose one of six specialist routes: astronomy and planetary science; biology; chemistry; earth sciences; environmental science; or physics. Your choice of specialism will be included in the name of your degree, for example, BSc (Honours) Natural Sciences (Chemistry).
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'What is microgravity' builds on ELPIS, the European Life and Physical Sciences in Space research programme faciliatated by ESA, the European Space Agency. You can read more about ESA's drop towers and how they are used.
Video 2: The vomit comet
How do planets form? This video, narrated by David Mitchell, reveals the way OU scientists are using microgravity environments to understand how planets form, with a queasy ride in a plane.
Two of the academics associated with this video, Ben Rozitis and Helen Fraser, have flown in the vomit comet to understand how planet formation happens. Another OU academic, Sabrina Gaertner, is building a new 'icy particle basher' experiment to fly in 2016-2017. Helen flew 250 parabolas, but none of the team have been sick in flight... so far.
In the clip below, Helen talks about the OU experiment and experiencing weightlessness on a parabolic flight. You can also read Andrew Kuh of the UKSA on how parabolic flights are being exploited by UK researchers for their science.
Even in our experiments, getting icy particles to stick together is difficult - in fact almost impossible, as explained here:
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The Cosmos: A Beginner's Guide - Building the universe
We reveal all about the universe: how it, and everything in it, came into being and the huge new experiments currently being done to investigate it.
Read nowThe Cosmos: A Beginner's Guide - Building the universeLevel: 1 Introductory
Scientists looking at how planets form now think something called a streaming instability is the key. This sounds complicated, but it's not dissimilar to a traffic jam, or a bunching up of all the dust in a planet-forming region into one place.
Amazingly, the research carried out on parabolic flights by OU academics and researchers backs up this idea. The icy particles collide, then slow down and start rotating. This means faster particles behind catch them up like cars on a motorway approaching roadworks. They collide, slow down, and you have a knock-on effect. When enough dust accumulates in the same place, gravity takes over, and it all combines to form the rocky core of a planet.
This research work is conducted at the OU in the Astrochemistry Group whose research work is explained in this public lecture from 2013 and a brief clip from ITV news.
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Galaxies, stars and planets
This free course, Galaxies, stars and planets, is a general introduction, including scale of the universe from the very large to the very small; orbits and gravity; the Solar System; the Sun and other stars; galaxies and the composition of astronomical objects.
Learn moreGalaxies, stars and planetsLevel: 1 Introductory
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Kepler's mission to discover 'Star Trek' planets
Will Captain Kirk and Spock ever be able to visit other worlds and walk around in their skin-hugging uniforms, breathing the air? This is the question that NASA’s Kepler satellite is on the way to answering
Read nowKepler's mission to discover 'Star Trek' planetsLevel: 1 Introductory
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Icy bodies: Europa and elsewhere
The new discipline of astrobiology that is, the science of searching for extraterrestrial life, is not only rapdly growing, but has also captured the public imagination. This free course, Icy bodies: Europa and elsewhere, examines the emergence of icy satellites of distant planets as potential sites of extraterrestrial life, looks at the potential for life on Jupiter's moon Europa, and speculates on the ethics of searching for life elsewhere in the solar system.
Learn moreIcy bodies: Europa and elsewhereLevel: 2 Intermediate
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Certificate in Astronomy and Planetary Science
This certificate will provide you with a basic introduction to astronomy and planetary science, and equip you with the skills for further study. You'll investigate the stars and their life cycles; the structure of planets and their atmospheres; galaxies and quasars; space exploration; planetary processes; and the origin and evolution of the Universe ? including how it might continue to evolve in the future.
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BSc (Honours) Mathematics and Physics
In this degree, you'll develop knowledge and understanding of key concepts in theoretical physics and the underpinning mathematical ideas and methods. It will teach you how to use essential techniques and relevant software, and acquire skills in communicating arguments and conclusions clearly and concisely. You'll explore the concepts of modern physics, including Newtonian mechanics, special relativity, electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. And have the opportunity to get plenty of practice with the tools of applied mathematics, including mathematical methods, mathematical modelling and numerical analysis.
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'The vomit comet' builds on ELPIS, the European Life and Physical Sciences in Space research programme faciliatated by ESA, the European Space Agency. You can read more about ESA's parabolic flights and how they are conducted.
Video 3: Bed Rest
Fancy lying down for 6 months? This 60-second clip, narrated by David Mitchell, explains how scientists have managed to examine the effects of aging, using little more than a bed.
Prof. Ian MacDonald of Nottingham University was the academic consultant on this video, which highlights his group’s research into aging, supported by BBSRC. You can read Andrwe Kuh from the UKSA on what we learn from long-term bed rest.
Researchers use bed rest to simulate the long-term effects of microgravity on humans and it is a key element of understanding astronaut health. In the future we intend to send humans on much longer missions, back to the Moon, Mars and beyond, so bed rest studies will be very important. But the greatest beneficiaries of bed rest studies are our current human population on Earth.
Many parts of the world have aging populations, but especially Western Europe, America and Japan. People living here have significantly increased their life expectancy over that of previous generations and they can also expect a better quality of life in later life. But longer lifetimes bring new health challenges, such as osteoporosis (bone density loss), muscle loss, changes in blood pressure and immune system changes. This makes bed rest a great (and ethnically acceptable) model for studying the effects of aging.
Typical bed rest campaigns involve ‘patients’ lying down in bed for up to 6 months. They never sit up and lay with their held tilted downwards by about 6 degrees. While it might seem a great idea to stay in bed for 6 months, think about it for a minute. Would you want to eat, sleep, wash, talk, read, watch TV and go to the toilet for 6 months while lying down?
The effects of long-term bed rest revolve around muscle and bone density loss, immune system suppression and blood circulation changes. This can result in increased intracranial pressure, which causes headaches. These are all effects that astronauts like Tim Peake experience during lengthy stays on the International Space Station. It’s hard to test these factors as it’s so hard to isolate one effect from another, nor do we have a large number of astronauts.
The advantage of bed rest studies is that scientists and medics can continually intervene with the ‘patients’ by testing body fluids and controlling nutrition, thereby understanding the effects of sleep deprivation and overall cause and effect. We can study very detailed biomedical and physiological changes in human responses to microgravity conditions, testing if effects are genetically related, male- or female-specific, or common to all ‘patients’. Do you still fancy signing up?
This video builds on ELPIS, the European Life and Physical Sciences in Space research programme facilitated by ESA, the European Space Agency. You can read more about ESA's bed rest facilities and how they are used.
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Introducing ageing
Everyone is ageing, whatever their current age, and we live in a world where many people are living much longer than previous generations. This is often seen as a problem. But is it? This free course, Introducing ageing, will help you to think about this issue by introducing you to some key ideas in studying later life.
Learn moreIntroducing ageingLevel: 1 Introductory
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Factors that influence health: An introduction
What factors influence our health? A lot of attention is focused on people's behaviour - their decisions to smoke, drink, over-eat and so on - with strong messages about the changes needed to become healthier. But people's behaviour is influenced by circumstances and events, friends and family, education, job prospects, income, housing and environment. In this free course, Factors that influence health: An introduction, you will look at how these factors, these wider social determinants, work together to influence our health for good or ill.
Learn moreFactors that influence health: An introductionLevel: 2 Intermediate
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Open debate on Ageism and Ageing
We placed three members of the Faculty of Health and Social Care in a room and asked them to discuss views on ageing in today's society.
Read nowOpen debate on Ageism and Ageing -
BSc (Honours) Sport, Fitness and Coaching
If you're an aspiring or practising leader of sport or fitness activities, this degree will develop your skills and understanding of sports science, psychology, training, coaching and leadership. It will enhance your awareness of your own role, increase your effectiveness at work and develop your communication and analytical skills ? boosting your career prospects. You'll apply science and theory to practice, reflecting on case studies or real and potential work situations. Drawing on video, text and online materials, you'll focus on the all-round physical and psychological needs of sports participants or exercise clients.
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BSc (Honours) Health Sciences
This degree is ideal if you're interested in the science behind our health ? from our individual health, to global issues such as epidemics or the treatment of people with dementia. It's particularly relevant if you work in a health-related profession, or you're thinking about doing so. You'll study the essential scientific concepts underpinning the function of the human mind and body; the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of disease and disability; and the maintenance and improvement of health in different populations.
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Video 4: Space bugs
Can bacteria divide and conquer in space? This 60-second video, narrated by David Mitchell, explains how scientists recreate space environments to study bugs, using a gravity-defying chamber that’s not unlike a washing machine.
Prof. Peter Taylor of UCL was the academic consultant on this video, which highlights his group’s research into microbial resistance, a key challenge facing the western world with the overuse of antibiotics in agriculture and medicine, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bugs like MRSA. You can also read Andrew Kuh of the UKSA on what we learn from bacteria in space.
One of the biggest considerations space agencies like the Russians, NASA, ESA and JAXA have when sending humans to space is to ask “will they be healthy and safe”? And to answer that we need to know if there are lots of “bugs or germs”, such as viruses, bacteria or microbes, hanging about in the space environment – ones we haven’t put there on purpose. Despite the very best attempts at cleanliness, it is quite possible to find bacteria inside (and outside) the space station itself! The question is; are they infectious?
We can collect samples from the space station and test them—which usually suggests that the bugs are quite harmless, except in a few cases.
However, we don’t really want to wait and see if infectious bugs are around. Genetic, biochemical and biomedical testing is pretty limited within the space station itself, so researchers use ground-based microgravity facilities to run numerous experiments here on Earth, confusing the ‘bugs’ into thinking there isn’t an up or down. As far as the bugs are concerned, we switch gravity off!
These experiments all involve spinning in some way: positioning the bugs at the ‘null point’ in two counter-rotating drums, like a glorified washing machine; or at the centre of a contraption that spins on three axes concurrently (think of the three spinning wheels in the alien-designed contraption in the film Contact).
Amazingly, most bacteria divide and multiply in microgravity environments, like the ISS or the spinning machines, in a similar way to how they evolve on Earth. Yet some strains are much less likely to infect us or make us sick. It’s a mystery to science as to why that is—but that’s the fun of research.
Outside the space station
However, when it comes to the outside of the space station, it’s a less happy tale.
For us here on Earth, our magnetic field and then our atmosphere (particularly the Ozone layer) act as a ‘sun shield’, protecting life on earth and enabling us to survive. We all know to wear UVA and UVB sunscreen protection to prevent DNA damage by the sun which might eventually lead to cancer. That tells us the radiation from the sun can be dangerous to life in high or intense doses. Inside the ISS, astronauts are protected from the sun’s intense radiation field by metallic shielding, and on space walks by their space suits.
But what happens to living species when they aren’t protected from the harsh radiation environment in space?
Open University scientists are interested in the origins of life on Earth, and even the potential for life elsewhere in the universe. We’ve conducted experiments where microbe-containing rocks are strapped by the astronauts (during a space walk) to the outside of the ISS and leave them there for 6 months. This is what’s called an EXPOSE experiment. Amazingly, although most of the bacteria and microbes then die, a few survive. With genetic analysis OU scientists can prove that the species that do survive are all related. Some bugs love space! In fact, they thrive in it. This means these experiments are helping us to understand how life originated here on Earth, and the potential for life to survive elsewhere in our Solar System and beyond.
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Microbes – friend or foe?
Microbes often get a bad name. Whilst some of them do cause disease, others play vital roles in recycling nutrients in the soil to enable plants to grow, and in breaking down human waste. Without microbes, we would have no beer, no yoghurt, no coffee. That's quite impressive for something too small to see. This free course, Microbes friend or foe? sheds some light on them.
Learn moreMicrobes – friend or foe?Level: 1 Introductory
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The story of infection
How have infectious diseases, both their response to us and our response to them, evolved over the centuries?
Read nowThe story of infectionLevel: 1 Introductory
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Epidemiology: An introduction
Public health interventions need to be built on an evidence base and part of this evidence comes from epidemiology: the study of how and why diseases occur. Epidemiology is a bit like a game of detection. It involves identifying diseases, finding out which groups of people are at risk, tracking down causes and so on. This free course, Epidemiology: An introduction, looks at some key types of data used in epidemiology, such as statistics on death and ill health, and introduces some techniques used in analysing data.
Learn moreEpidemiology: An introductionLevel: 2 Intermediate
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BSc (Honours) Health Sciences
This degree is ideal if you're interested in the science behind our health ? from our individual health, to global issues such as epidemics or the treatment of people with dementia. It's particularly relevant if you work in a health-related profession, or you're thinking about doing so. You'll study the essential scientific concepts underpinning the function of the human mind and body; the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of disease and disability; and the maintenance and improvement of health in different populations.
Learn moreBSc (Honours) Health Sciences
A live Facebook Q&A
We also ran a Facebook Live event, demonstrating how microgravity research helps scientific research and allowing people to join ask questions. You can watch it again below.
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