7.3  Leakage prevention, detection and control

Although leaks can occur through valves that are malfunctioning, the largest losses of water are through leaks in the water main itself, either where two sections are joined or where there is a defect in the pipe. Proactive leakage control (where teams take action to prevent leaks occurring) can bring several benefits. It will mean that more water is available for supply, and it will delay the need for costly expansion programmes. It will also lead to less disruption of traffic and daily life, which happens when a leakage is discovered and has to be fixed. Less infrastructure damage is caused and there is less risk of the mains water becoming contaminated.

One way to minimise leaks is to ensure that the water pressure in the distribution system is not excessive. Lowering the system pressure during periods of low water demand can lead to a decrease in leakage loss, and extend the life of pipes (Thompson and Wang, 2009). Another form of proactive leakage management is to replace ageing pipes as they reach the end of their life.