10 Probability
Probability is measuring how likely it is that something will happen. We use probability in different ways in real life:
- Bookmakers use a form of probability to give betting odds on anything.
- Insurance companies use probability to decide how much to charge for all the different types of insurance there is.
- Government departments use probability and statistics to help them govern the country.
(Another word for probability is chance. You might say, ‘What are the chances of this happening?’)
Working through this section will enable you to:
- understand the possibility of different events happening
- show that some events are more likely to occur than others
- understand and use probability scales
- show the probability of events happening using fractions, decimals and percentages.
Probability is measuring how likely it is that something will happen. Look at the word itself: ‘probability’. Can you see it is related to the word ‘probable’?
We know that life is full of choices and chances, or that some things are more likely to happen than others.
For example, you could say, ‘I might cut the grass tomorrow.’ Probability would be used to measure how likely it is that you will cut the grass. There are two options involved here: either you cut the grass or you don’t.
If you knew that it was going to rain tomorrow and you had lots of other things to do (and you hate cutting grass), then the probability of actually cutting the grass would be low or even zero! But on the other hand, if you really intended to cut the grass and the weather forecast was good then the probability of cutting the grass would be high.
We use probability to give us an idea of how likely it is that something will happen. It gives us a measuring system.
- If something is very likely to happen, the probability is high.
- If something is not very likely to happen, the probability is low.
Example: What are the chances?
What’s the probability of:
- you winning the lottery this week?
- getting wet in the rain?
- summer following spring?
There’s a very low probability that you’ll win the lottery this week, and a high probability of getting wet in the rain and summer following spring.
Of course, some things have even chances of happening. For example, if you toss a coin, there is an equal probability of it being heads or tails. This could also be called an even chance, or a fifty-fifty chance, of the coin being heads or tails.
How many different things that have different chances of happening can you think of?
Now try the following activity. Remember to check your answers once you have completed the questions.
Activity 18: Probability of events happening
How many different things that have different chances of happening can you think of? Think of some examples and then check your ideas against the suggested answers.
If you get stuck for ideas, your examples could include:
- the Moon rising tonight
- tossing a coin and getting heads
- a traffic jam at some point this year on the M25
- being kidnapped by aliens
- winning the lottery
- a baby being born a boy.
Obviously there are many other examples.
Looking at the events you thought of, what is the chance of each event happening? Place your event in the correct column in the table.
Events with a high probability of happening | Events with an even chance of happening | Events with a low probability of happening |
---|---|---|
Answer
There is no single correct answer to this activity. Have a look at our suggestions below:
Events with a high probability of happening | Events with an even chance of happening | Events with a low probability of happening |
---|---|---|
The Moon rising tonight | Tossing a coin and getting heads | Winning the lottery |
A traffic jam at some point this year on the M25 | A baby being born a boy | Being kidnapped by aliens |