Sexual abuse is another major consideration in safeguarding. There are common signs across all subsets of this form of abuse, but some are more specifically found in instances of domestic sexual violence, child sexual exploitation (CSE), or grooming:

General Signs of Sexual Abuse:

• Unexplained injuries or bruises in genital areas
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Changes in hygiene or wearing inappropriate clothing
• Withdrawal or sudden changes in behavior
• Increased anxiety, depression, or mood swings
• Inappropriate sexual knowledge or behaviours for age
• Nightmares or difficulty sleeping
• Changes in appetite or eating habits

• Bruises or injuries, particularly in sensitive areas
• Frequent unexplained absences or injuries
• Fearfulness around a partner or excessive vigilance
• Sudden changes in self-esteem or confidence
• Depression or anxiety
• Isolation from friends and family

• Signs of drug or alcohol use
• Frequent absences from school or unexplained reasons for missing
• Engaging in risky behaviours or sexualized behaviour
• Associating with older individuals or groups
• Low self-esteem or feelings of worthlessness
• Displaying fear of certain individuals or situations

• Establishing a close relationship with the victim or their family
• Offering gifts or special attention to the child
• Gradually introducing sexualised talk or behaviours
• Isolating the victim from friends or family
• Making the victim feel guilty or responsible for the abuse
• Using secrecy and threats to maintain control

• Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
• Sudden changes in friendships or social circles
• Decline in academic performance or school attendance
• Difficulty concentrating or completing assignments

NSPCC- Sexual Abuse