Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 10

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering these questions.

SAQ 10.1 (tests Learning Outcome 10.1)

Match the following words to their correct definitions.

Using the following two lists, match each numbered item with the correct letter.

  1. El Niño

  2. river floods

  3. La Niña

  4. extreme weather

  5. flash floods

  • a.water spills over the top of the river banks into surrounding areas

  • b.unusually cool temperatures in Pacific Ocean currents

  • c.unusually warm temperatures in Pacific Ocean currents

  • d.intense rainfall causes water run-off to collect locally

  • e.weather outside the normal range of weather conditions

The correct answers are:
  • 1 = c
  • 2 = a
  • 3 = b
  • 4 = e
  • 5 = d

SAQ 10.2 (tests Learning Outcomes 10.2 and 10.3)

Explain how each of the human activities described in (a) and (b) can increase the risk of flooding:

  • a.constructing roads and urban areas on land previously used for agriculture
  • b.deforestation.

Explain how each of the human activities described in (c) and (d) can increase the risk of droughts:

  • a.population pressure
  • b.deforestation.

Answer

  • a.Urbanisation increases the risk of flooding because the paved surfaces and concrete constructions are impermeable and prevent rainfall from soaking into the soil as it used to do when the land was used for agriculture.
  • b.Deforestation increases soil erosion because bare soil is more easily washed away by heavy rain when not held together by tree roots. Soil washed off the land builds up in reservoirs and rivers, significantly reducing their water-holding capacity, so they overflow during intense rainfall and flood surrounding areas.
  • c.Population pressure increases the risk of droughts because there is increasing demand for water as the population increases, especially when concentrated in urban areas, where water is required for additional uses in industry and to meet rising expectations of piped water and sanitation.
  • d.Deforestation increases the risk of droughts because forests reduce the loss of rainwater through evaporation from the surface of bare soil, they increase groundwater storage by reducing run-off, and they add moisture to the atmosphere through transpiration.

SAQ 10.3 (tests Learning Outcomes 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4)

Which of statements (a) to (h) about the effects of the natural climate cycles known as El Niño and La Niña are true and which are false? For each statement that you think is false, explain why it is incorrect.

  • a.Drought is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle.
  • b.Flooding is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle.
  • c.Drought is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle.
  • d.Flooding is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle.
  • e.Drought is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle.
  • f.Flooding is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle.
  • g.Drought is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle.
  • h.Flooding is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle.

Answer

  • a.Drought is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle. (True)
  • b.Flooding is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle. (False: El Niño during kirmit decreases rainfall, so drought is more likely.)
  • c.Drought is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle. (False: El Niño during belg increases rainfall, so flooding is more likely.)
  • d.Flooding is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the El Niño climate cycle. (True)
  • e.Drought is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle. (False: La Niña during kirmit increases rainfall, so flooding is more likely.)
  • f.Flooding is more likely during kirmit in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle. (True)
  • g.Drought is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle. (True)
  • h.Flooding is more likely during belg in Ethiopia if it coincides with the La Niña climate cycle. (False: La Niña during belgdecreases rainfall, so drought is more likely.)

SAQ 10.4 (tests Learning Outcomes 10.2 and 10.4)

Explain how each of the extreme weather events listed in (a) to (c) can affect water quality in Ethiopia:

  • a.floods
  • b.droughts
  • c.wildfires.

Answer

  • a.Floods affect water quality by washing animal, human, agricultural and industrial waste into streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, contaminating the water with infectious organisms, chemicals and other toxins so it is unsafe for domestic use.
  • b.Droughts affect water quality by concentrating contaminants such as infectious organisms, chemicals and other toxins in environmental water sources as they shrink due to evaporation.
  • c.Wildfires affect water quality because burning vegetation generates smoke, debris, ash and toxic chemicals, which are washed by rain into water sources.

Summary of Study Session 10