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Gamified Intelligent Cyber Aptitude and Skills Training (GICAST)
Gamified Intelligent Cyber Aptitude and Skills Training (GICAST)

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1.1 Loss of data

Figure _unit8.2.1 Figure 1 US Army Private Chelsea (then Bradley) Manning, who was at the centre of a controversial data leak to the Wikileaks website in 2009

Data loss can mean several things ranging from the destruction and deletion of data, to making unauthorised copies that are no longer under your control.

Data can be stolen by people who have direct access to a computer, such as by copying data to a flash memory drive, and also by attackers gaining access over a network connection.

Insider attacks

The hardest attack to defend against is when an attacker has direct access to a computer, especially in an organisation where many people might have access to a single computer, and one, or more, of them might not have the organisation’s best interests at heart. Security risks posed by employees (or ex-employees) of an organisation to their employers are known as insider threats.

A 2013 Forrester survey of businesses employing two or more people in the UK, US, Canada, France and Germany found that 36% of information security breaches were caused by insiders and represented the leading threat to organisational security. These findings were supported in a survey of attendees to the Infosecurity Europe conference where 37% of respondents said the biggest threat to their information security came in the form of ‘rogue employees’. This placed insider threats ahead of cyber attacks (19%) and device security (15%).

Case study _unit8.2.1 Case study: Stealing data

In 2012, a programmer for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was sentenced for stealing source code used to develop the bank’s computer systems.

Bo Zhang was a third party contractor for the bank with privileged access to software that was under development. He pleaded guilty to copying the code to personal computers in violation of his contract of employment although there is no evidence that he intended to share the programs with anyone.

Similarly, in 2013, the social networking game developer Zynga settled a lawsuit with a former employee, Alan Patmore, who had copied hundreds of files, including unreleased game designs, to a Dropbox cloud storage folder before taking up employment with a rival company. Patmore expressed deep regret for his actions and agreed to ensure all copies of the data were destroyed in exchange for Zynga dropping charges against him.

The case of Chelsea Manning is one of the more significant insider attacks involving the loss of data. It is another example where the attacker simply copied the data and shared it with others, depriving the data owners of control over the confidentiality of the information.

Case study _unit8.2.2 Case study: Chelsea Manning

Chelsea Manning (born Bradley Manning) was a United States Army soldier who leaked confidential information, including 250,000 United States diplomatic messages and 500,000 United States Army reports as well as videos of military action in Iraq, to the WikiLeaks website.

Manning obtained copies of classified materials during service in Iraq in 2009, copying them directly to a data CD disguised as a music disc, from which the materials were transferred to a laptop and then to the WikiLeaks servers for dissemination.

The reports were widely published around the world and caused enormous diplomatic embarrassment for the United States government. Manning was eventually identified after confessing in an online chat to Adrian Lamo, who informed the Army. Manning was charged with 22 offences, including that of aiding the enemy, and pleaded guilty to 10 charges. She was found guilty in 2013 and sentenced to 35 years in military prison.

Next, you’ll find out about the risks of data loss.