Further reading
Cameron, J. (1983) Prisons and Punishment in Scotland from the Middle Ages to the Present. Edinburgh: Canongate Publishing.
Cooper, R.A. (1981) ‘Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry and English prison reform’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 42(4), pp. 675–90.
Crone, R., Hoskins L. and Preston, R. (2018) Guide to the Criminal Prisons of Nineteenth-Century England. London: London Publishing Partnership.
Emsley, C. (1987) Crime and Society in England, 1750–1900. Harlow: Longman.
Forsythe, W.J. (1987) The Reform of Prisoners, 1830–1900. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Harding, C., Hines, B., Ireland, R. and Rawlings, P. (1985) Imprisonment in England and Wales: A Concise History, Beckenham: Croom Helm.
Henriques, U.R.Q. (1979) Before the Welfare State: Social Administration in Early Industrial Britain. London: Longman.
Hilton, B. (2006) A Mad, Bad & Dangerous People? England 1783–1846. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnston, H. (2015) Crime in England, 1815–1880: Experiencing the Criminal Justice System. Abingdon: Routledge.
McConville, S. (1981) A History of English Prison Administration, 1750–1870. London: Routledge.
McGowen, R. (1995) ‘The well-ordered prison: England, 1780–1865’ in Morris, R. and Rothman, D.J. (eds) The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–99.
Morgan, R. (2004) ‘Howard, John (1726?–1790), philanthropist’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
‘Punishment Sentences at the Old Bailey’, Old Bailey Online. Available at: https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ static/ Punishment.jsp [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Stephens, W.B. (1998) Education in Britain, 1750–1914. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
Bartrip, P.W.J. (1982) ‘British government inspection, 1832–1875: some observations’, Historical Journal, 25(3), pp. 605–26.
Forsythe, W.J. (1987) The Reform of Prisoners, 1830–1900. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Henriques, U.R.Q. (1972) ‘The rise and decline of the separate system of prison discipline’, Past & Present, 54(1), pp. 61–93.
Johnston, H. (2015) Crime in England, 1815–1880: Experiencing the Criminal Justice System. Abingdon: Routledge.
McGowen, R. (1995) ‘The well-ordered prison: England, 1780–1865’ in Morris, R. and Rothman, D.J. (eds) The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–99.
Clay, W.L. (1969) The Prison Chaplain: A Memoir of the Rev John Clay, B.D.. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
Forsythe, B. (2004) ‘Clay, John (1796–1858), prison chaplain’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Mayhew, H. and Binny, J. (1862) The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life. London: Griffin, Bihn & Company.
Clay, W.L. (1969) The Prison Chaplain: A Memoir of the Rev John Clay, B.D.. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
Hartley, J. (2011) ‘Reading in Gaol’ in Palmer, B. and Buckland, A. (eds) A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850–1900. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 87–102.
Mayhew, H. and Binny, J. (1862) The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life. London: Griffin, Bohn & Company.
Crone, R. (2018), ‘Educating the laboring poor in nineteenth-century Suffolk’, Social History, 43(2), pp. 161–85.
Devereaux, S. (1998) ‘The Criminal Branch of the Home Office 1782–1830’ in Smith, G.T., May, A.N. and Devereaux, S. (eds) Criminal Justice in the Old World and the New: Essays in Honour of J.M. Beattie. Toronto: Centre for Criminology.
Higgs, E. (2004) The Information State in England: The Central Collection of Information on Citizens since 1500. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Crone, R. (2022) Illiterate Inmates: Educating Criminals in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnston, H. (2015) Crime in England, 1815–1880: Experiencing the criminal justice system. London: Routledge.
McConville, S. (1995), English Local Prisons, 1860–1900: Next only to death. London: Routledge.
Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1990) The Emergence of Penal Policy in Victorian and Edwardian England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knox, W.W. (n.d.) ‘The Scottish Educational System, 1840–1940’, in A History of the Scottish People. Available at: https://www.scran.ac.uk/ scotland/ pdf/ SP2_1Education.pdf (Accessed :3 September 2022).
Smith, B.A. (1980) ‘The Irish General Prisons Board, 1877–1885: Efficient deterrence or bureaucratic ineptitude?’, Irish Jurist, 15(1), pp. 122–36.
Sutherland, G. (1990) ‘Education’, in Thompson, F.M.L. (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950. Volume 3: Social Agencies and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walsh, T. (2016) ‘The National System of Education, 1831–2000’ in B. Walsh (ed.) Essays in the History of Irish Education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cameron, J. (1983) Prisons and Punishment in Scotland from the Middle Ages to the Present. Edinburgh: Canongate Publishing.
Mayhew, H. and Binny, J. (1862) The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life. London: Griffin, Bihn and Company.