The right of pasturing pigs in a forest or payment made for this.

See Catholics.

Conference held in Paris at the end of the First World War with the intention of settling Europe in the aftermath of the war. The Conference produced several treaties – most famously, the Treaty of Versailles – and established the League of Nations. David Lloyd George, as Prime Minister of Great Britain, was one of the ‘Big Four’ leaders involved (the others being Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, Woodrow Wilson, US President, and Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy.)

Act of Parliament which prevented the House of Lords from being able to delay by more than two years any bill passed by the House of Commons, and by more than one month any money-bill (i.e. dealing with taxation).

(1841–1903). Composer and academic from Merthyr Tydfil. Became Professor of Music at University of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1873.

Secretary and one of the leading figures of the North Wales Quarrymen's Union which figured centrally in the dispute with the slate quarry owners from 1874 when it was founded. A Welsh–speaking Liberal Nonconformist who believed in harmony in industrial relations.

Division of land between male heirs.

Branch of the Baptist denomination.

Farming of animals.

Welsh colony established in 1865 in the Chubut Valley, Patagonia, Argentina, by Michael D. Jones, a non-conformist preacher. The first contingent of settlers comprised 153 men, women and children.

Payments, usually of rent, in goods or services.

Established in Glamorgan in 1645 to resist incursions into the county by both Royalists and Parliamentarians: a neutralist movement led by local gentry.

Peace between Britain and France, March 1802 to May 1803.

As its name implies, a society dedicated to bringing influences to bear on the electorate for policies of peaceful coexistence. The secretary at one time was Richard, Henry.

Prime Minister for two terms between 1834 and 1846. Repealed the Corn Laws (see Anti-Corn Law League) in 1846, so splitting the Tory Party.

Lewis, Richard (Dic Penderyn) (1808–1831), from Penderyn, near Hirwaun, Glamorgan. Hanged in Cardiff, 13 August 1831, following conviction for his part in the Merthyr Rising, in which he allegedly killed a soldier.

Literally verses, but often a technical term applied to a contrapuntal and extempore form of singing to the harp.

The owner of one of the largest slate quarries in the world in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Penrhyn quarry. Became Lord Penrhyn in 1866.

(1726–98) Naturalist and antiquary; lived at Downing, Flintshire (Clwyd).

See Pennant, Colonel.

(1559–1593). Well known Puritan preacher and writer, from Breconshire. Executed under Elizabeth I’s religious conformity legislation.

One of the four great ironworks of Merthyr Tydfil, along with Cyfarthfa, Dowlais and Plymouth (ironworks). It was started by the Homfray family in the 1780s.

The budget of 1909. Lloyd George imposed death duties and increased taxes to pay for National Health Insurance and pensions. Provoked a constitutional crisis.

See Chartism and Working Men’s Association.

Major city in Pennsylvania, eastern United States of America.

(c.1666–1737) Influential member of the SPCK and patron of Griffith Jones of Llanddowror; lived at Picton Castle, Pembrokeshire (Dyfed).

Work done or paid for by the piece or amount produced.

Alliance between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Simon de Montfort.

See Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru.

(National Party of Wales). Founded 5 August 1925 to achieve Home Rule for Wales. Later known as Plaid Cymru: the Party of Wales.

Surname given to the Angevin line of kings descended from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. The Plantaganets ruled England from 1154 to 1485. Henry II was the first Plantaganet king.

The Welsh words for ‘gentry houses’.

Group founded by Ablett, Noah in 1909 believing in class war and the overthrow of capitalism.

One of the four great ironworks of Merthyr Tydfil, along with Cyfarthfa, Dowlais and Penydarren. So called because it was established on land belonging to the Earl of Plymouth.

Gallery in slate quarry.

The system of helping the poor had hardly changed since Tudor times, but was under increasing strain in the early nineteenth century as the poor rate increased for the wealthier members of society. The result was a Poor Law Commission and a Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834 which recommended stopping outdoor assistance to the poor and advocated the building of workhouses by parish unions where people would be kept in a condition worse than that of the lowest-paid workers outside.

Those responsible for administering the Poor Law centrally. Involved regulations for elections of Boards of Guardians who administered unemployment relief locally.

One of a series of Elizabethan poor laws which attempted to deal with the increasing problem of poverty and vagrancy in the sixteenth century.

Fabricated conspiracy causing persecution of Catholics 1678–1681, in the course of which several Welsh victims were hanged, drawn and quartered.

Attempts from the mid-1930s to mobilise anti-Conservative elements in Britain and unite Socialist League, Communists and the Labour party against Fascism and the National government.

See Poor Law Commissioners.

(1617–70) Puritan preacher and writer in mid Wales.

(? – 1649). Parliamentarian mayor of Pembroke who in 1648 led mutiny of his garrison troops, whose disbandment was ordered by Parliament although they were in long arrears of pay. This was the first action of the second civil war, and eventually Cromwell, Oliver successfully retook Pembroke by siege in July 1648.

Dissenting denomination believing in form of church government by presbyters and synods; in Wales almost indistinguishable from the Independents.

In the second half of the eighteenth century most Presbyterians in Wales were moving along the theological spectrum from Arminianism through Arianism to Socinianism and Unitarianism.

(1800–1893). Prominent Chartist and self-styled druid from Rudry, Glamorgan. In 1884 he publicly cremated the body of his 5-month-old son on Llantrisant common, for which he was prosecuted. He successfully defended the case himself, establishing the precedent for the legality of cremation.

(1723–91) Dissenting minister and philosopher who welcomed the American and French revolutions.

(c.1573–c.1644), Anglican minister, writer and poet, from Llandovery, Carmarthenshire. He translated the Church of England catechism into Welsh, and wrote poetry on a wide range of subjects. A collection of his poems was published as Canwyll y Cymry (Candle of the Welsh).

A convoluted way of buying land in spite of the Welsh law’s strictures against permanent alienation of land. The land was placed with the ‘buyer’ as notional security for a sum of money which was given to the ‘vendor’ on the tacit understanding that the money would not be repaid and the land never reclaimed.

(1733–1804) Unitarian minister, scientist and radical (see also Unitarianism).

Inheritance by the eldest son.

The most important administrative body in the country. Composed mainly of administrators and courtiers.

The legal scrutiny of wills. Wills are an invaluable source for sixteenth-century social historians.

Officials representing others in a legal capacity.

A synthesis of Liberal and Gradualist Socialist ideas for social reform.

Social class owning no property, and so dependent upon wage-earning – the working class. Marxists use the word in contradistinction to the bourgeoisie or capitalist/middle class.

A system of imposing tariffs (taxes) on imported goods in order to nurture and protect home-produced goods.

There were two major public health acts. The first in 1848 resulted from pressure by Chadwick and other public health reformers to do something to stop the spread of disease, particularly cholera. It created the General Board of Health which could set up Local Boards of Health if a) ratepayers petitioned for it, b) the death rate was particularly high. The second act in 1875 was passed by Disraeli and consolidated the 1866 Sanitary Act and other sanitary legislation.

Process of converting pig iron to wrought or bar iron, invented by Henry Cort and widely adopted in south Wales in the 1790s.

Strict Protestants who wished to 'purify' the Church of England of its apparently Catholic features.