Payment of tithes in kind (animals, crops, etc.) was commuted to payment in money in 1836 by this Act.

Act of Parliament by which tithes were subsumed into rent.

Opposition by Nonconformist north Wales’ farmers to paying a portion of their income to the Anglican church, sometimes erupting into violence when goods were confiscated for non-payment.

These gates were erected on turnpike roads in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Trusts were set up to build improved roads and were financed by tolls charged on animals and goods at the toll-gates.

A dispute between miners and management at the Cambrian Combine over a reduction in wage-rates led to a lock-out and strike, resulting in conflict between strikers and police, and rioting in Tonypandy. One miner died, and Churchill, Winston (as Home Secretary) famously sent troops to restore order.

Political party. In the nineteenth century generally associated with the establishment, whether the church or state, and conservative policies, though on occasions had radical wings and sometimes implemented radical policies. Eventually became the Conservative Party. Opposed by the Liberal Party as a radical alternative.

Colliery opened near Hirwaun in 1864; continued until closure by the government in 1994. In 1995 the miners bought the colliery themselves and resumed production, which continued until final closure, due to depleted coal seams, on 25 January 2008.

Farmers who transferred sheep or cattle to different pastures with changes of climate. Effectively, moving cattle and sheep in the summer season.

Transformation of the substance of the bread and wine of the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ; a doctrine denied by Protestant churches.

State of South Africa. See Boer War.