Glossary
- Externality
- Arises in a market when one economic agent’s actions affect the welfare of others in ways that are not reflected in market prices.
- Utility
- The amount of satisfaction derived from consumption.
- Moral hazard
- The tendency of a person to take on more risk because they believe someone else (for example, taxpayers or an insurer) will bear the financial consequences if the risk materialises.
- Bounded rationality
- Capacity for reasoned decision that is constrained by lack of time and ability to process information.
- Asymmetric information
- Where one party to an arrangement knows something that another does not and which, had it been known, would have affected the terms of the agreement.
- Neoliberal
- Describes a perspective which favours capitalism and freely operating markets as a way of organising economic interactions.
- Capitalism
- Social system in which physical and financial capital are mainly privately owned with strong protection of private property rights.
- Perfect competition
- Describes a market where a number of conditions are met, for example where no supplier has market power and all agents have perfect information
- Market failure
- Occurs where the operation of a market does not result in the most efficient allocation of resources or a situation where a market cannot develop.
- Marginal revenue
- The change in total revenue resulting from the sale of an additional unit of output.
- Marginal cost
- The increase in total costs as a result of producing one additional unit of output.
- Marginal utility
- The additional utility gained when an additional unit of a good is consumed.
- Law of diminishing marginal utility
- As the total amount consumed increases, the marginal utility from each additional unit declines.
- Opportunity cost
- The opportunity cost of producing (or consuming) a unit of good X is the amount of the next best alternative good Y that could be produced (or consumed) with the same resources.
- Equilibrium
- Position in which there is no impetus for agents to change their behaviour or decisions.
- Perfect competition
- Describes a market where a number of conditions are met, for example where no supplier has market power and all agents have perfect information
- Price-taker
- Describes a buyer or seller that has to accept the price set by the market as given.
- Premium
- The sum of money a policyholder pays to have insurance cover. This might be paid as a single lump sum or, more usually, annually or in monthly instalments.
- Policyholder
- The customer who has bought insurance.
- Payout
- The sum of money the policyholder gets from the insurance if they make a successful claim.
- Excess
- (also called a deductible in the US). The first part of any loss that must be borne by the policyholder themselves.
- Risk pooling
- The sum of money a policyholder pays to have insurance cover. This might be paid as a single lump sum or, more usually, annually or in monthly instalments.
- Risk-based pricing
- (also called risk-reflective pricing). Charging consumers a higher amount if the likelihood of their claiming (in the case of insurance) or defaulting (in the case of loans) is higher.
- Risk segmentation
- Dividing a pool of consumers for a particular type of insurance into smaller sub-pools on the basis of characteristics that are thought to predict the risk of claiming.
- Adverse selection
- The tendency for people who have a greater than average chance of suffering an event to apply for insurance to a greater extent than other people.
- Discounting
- The process of re-evaluating future income and costs in terms of what they are worth in the present.
- Transfer payment
- Payment from one economic agent or sector to another not in exchange for goods or services.
- Sensitivity analysis
- Process used to see how the results of an analysis might change if the value of key factors were different from those assumed in the main calculation.