1. The cognition narrative: this narrative recommends building on learner’s capabilities and their interests which are based on problem-solving and application rather than pure individual rote learning. Once this is done the process of learning starts. 2. The preparation narrative: this narrative talks about the need for learners to develop ‘21st century skills’ for life in the ‘knowledge economy’. These skills consist of abilities and attributes such as critical thinking, independent research, and flexibility. This results in a reduction in the content basis of learning which is replaced by independence and collaboration rather than reliance on the teacher and text. 3. The emancipatory narrative this narrative is based on learning being student/learner centered as to move away from teacher authoritarianism and from strict curricula that do not reflect their personal needs. With this narrative most of the learning will be placed in the hands of the learners