References and acknowledgments
References
3M Australia (no date) Fuel cells. Available at: https://www.3m.com.au/3M/en_AU/hydrogen-technology-au/applications/fuel-cells/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Ajao, K.R., Rabiu, A.B., Gbadeyan, A.A., Ajibola, G.O. and Olabiyi, A.I. (2015) ‘Assessment of wind resource for possibility of small wind turbine installation in Ilorin, Nigeria’, KKU Engineering Journal, 42(4), pp. 298–305. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14456/kkuenj.2015.35.
Aljevragen.nl (no date) Redox. Available at: https://www.aljevragen.nl/sk/redox.html (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Alpiq (no date) Gösgen nuclear power plant. Available at: https://www.alpiq.com/energy/assets/thermal-power-plants/goesgen-nuclear-power-plant (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Animagraffs (no date a) How a car engine works [Video]. YouTube.
Animagraffs (no date b) How a manual transmission and clutch works [Video]. YouTube.
Animagraffs (no date c) How jet engines work [Video]. YouTube.
Bowers Electricals (no date) Distribution transformers. Available at: https://www.bowerselec.co.uk/transformers/distribution-transformers/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
British Broadcasting Corporation (no date) What is energy? BBC Bitesize.
Chelmer Heating (no date) How condensing boilers work. Available at: https://www.chelmerheating.co.uk/self-build/boiler-heating-systems/how-condensing-boilers-work.html (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Chrvoje_engineering (no date) Working principle of DC generator [Video]. YouTube.
Citizendium (no date) Steam generator. Available at: https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/steam_generator (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
CK-12 Foundation (no date) Local winds. Available at: https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/local-winds/lesson/Local-Winds-MS-ES/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Clean Energy Reviews (2021) Home solar battery cost guide. Battery comparison chart, version 6.1. Available at: https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/home-solar-battery-cost-guide (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Cogeneration.pro (no date) What is cogeneration (combined heat and power)?. Available at: https://cogeneration.pro/what-is-cogeneration-combined-heat-and-power/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Corliss, W.R. (1968) Direct conversion of energy. Understanding the Atom series. Washington, DC: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66033 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Debourdeau, A., Hajdinjak, M., Schmid, B., Thalberg, K., Pel, B., Asenova, D., Szőllőssy, A., Vadovics, K. and Surányi, R. (2022) PESTEL analysis of the EU context. EnergyPROSPECTS Deliverable 5.1. Available at: https://www.energyprospects.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/www.energycitizen.eu/EnergyPROSPECTS_D5.1_30_01_2023_Final.pdf (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Delft University of Technology (no date a) Overview of electric power systems – Sustainable energy [Video]. YouTube.
Delft University of Technology (no date b) Tidal energy [Video]. YouTube.
Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (no date) Solar thermal collectors. Energy Technology List. Available at: https://etl.energysecurity.gov.uk/products/solar-thermal-systems-collectors/solar-thermal-collectors-1 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Deutsche Welle (2022) Heat pumps: how do they work?. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/heat-pump-energy-crisis-how-do-they-work-technology-what-are-they-climate-crisis-efficiency/a-62852353 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Division Q (2025) [LinkedIn post on hydrogen fuel cell power at RAI Amsterdam]. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/divisionq-nl_greentech-rai-duurzaamheid-activity-7336726924490137600-523q/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Duurzaam Bedrijfsleven (no date) Siemens opent fabriek voor duurzame waterstofproductie. Available at: https://www.duurzaambedrijfsleven.nl/industrie/6861/siemens-opent-fabriek-voor-duurzame-waterstofproductie (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Electrical Academia (no date) Induction generator: types, working principle; permanent magnet generator working principle. Available at: https://electricalacademia.com/induction-motor/induction-generator-types-working-principle-permanent-magnet-generator-working-principle/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (no date) How does a nuclear energy plant generate electricity?. Available at: https://www.enec.gov.ae/discover/how-nuclear-energy-works/how-does-a-nuclear-energy-plant-generate-electricity-/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Encyclopaedia Britannica (no date a) Automotive industry. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/automotive-industry (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Encyclopaedia Britannica (no date b) Geothermal energy. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Encyclopaedia Britannica (no date c) Mountain breeze. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/mountain-breeze (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Energie-Nederland (no date) [Energy consumption in the Netherlands, based on CBS data]. Available at: https://www.energie-nederland.nl (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Energy Education (no date) Energy education. Calgary: University of Calgary. Available at: https://energyeducation.ca (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Energy Observer (no date) The vessel. Available at: https://www.energy-observer.org/about/vessel (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Energy Vault (no date) G-VAULT gravity energy storage. Available at: https://www.energyvault.com/products/g-vault-gravity-energy-storage (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Engineering with Rosie (no date) Electricity across oceans: is HVDC the future? [Video]. YouTube.
European Commission (2022) REPowerEU plan. COM(2022) 230 final. Brussels: European Commission. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0230 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) (no date) Ten-year network development plan (TYNDP). Available at: https://tyndp.entsoe.eu (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2023) ‘Directive (EU) 2023/2413 of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources (Renewable Energy Directive III)’, Official Journal of the European Union, L 2023/2413. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/2413/oj (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Gemco (no date) Biomass power generation. Available at: https://www.gemcopelletmills.com/biomass-power-generation.html (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Gemini Wind Park (no date) Gemini wind park. Available at: https://www.geminiwindpark.nl (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Geothermie Delft (no date) About geothermal energy. Available at: https://geothermiedelft.nl/en/about-geothermal-energy (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Gorona del Viento (no date) Gorona del Viento El Hierro. Available at: http://www.goronadelviento.es/en/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Government of Ontario (no date) Electricity generation using small wind turbines for home or farm use. Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/page/electricity-generation-using-small-wind-turbines-home-or-farm-use (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Haagse Aardwarmte (no date) Project Leyweg. Available at: https://haagseaardwarmte.nl/projecten-leyweg (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
HowStuffWorks (no date) How wind power works. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/wind-power.htm (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2022) Climate change 2022: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.
International Energy Agency (no date a) Electrolysers. Available at: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/electrolysers (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Energy Agency (no date b) [Total final energy consumption by sector, world, 2022]. Available at: https://www.iea.org (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Energy Agency (2014) Technology roadmap: energy storage. Paris: IEA. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmap-energy-storage (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Energy Agency (2023a) Electricity grids and secure energy transitions. Paris: IEA. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Energy Agency (2023b) World energy outlook 2023. Paris: IEA. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Renewable Energy Agency (2023a) Innovation landscape for smart electrification. Abu Dhabi: IRENA. Available at: https://www.irena.org (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
International Renewable Energy Agency (2023b) World energy transitions outlook 2023: 1.5°C pathway. Abu Dhabi: IRENA. Available at: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Itard, L. (2012) ‘Energy in the built environment’, in van Bueren, E., van Bohemen, H., Itard, L. and Visscher, H. (eds) Sustainable urban environments: an ecosystem approach. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 113–175.
LibreTexts (no date) 7.04: Generating electricity by using fission. In CHM101: Chemistry and global awareness (Gordon), Furman University. Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Furman_University/CHM101%3A_Chemistry_and_Global_Awareness_%28Gordon%29/07%3A_Nuclear_Energy/7.04%3A_Generating_Electricity_by_Using_Fission (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
LifeAda (no date) How does a steam turbine work? [Video]. YouTube.
Loom Solar (no date) How does the battery work?. Available at: https://www.loomsolar.com/blogs/collections/how-does-the-battery-work (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
MareWind (no date) Wind energy basics. Available at: https://www.marewind.eu/news/wind-energy-basics/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Mechanical Knowledge (no date) [Types of water turbines]. Available at: https://www.mechanical-knowledge.com/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Microgreening (no date) [Non-condensing boiler diagram]. Available at: http://www.microgreening.com (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Mostafa, M., Vorwerk, D., Heise, J., Povel, A., Sanina, N., Babazadeh, D., Töbermann, C., Speerforck, A., Becker, C. and Schulz, D. (2023) Integrated planning of multi-energy grids: concepts and challenges. arXiv:2301.08454. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.08454 (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Mouser Electronics (no date) What is a DC/DC converter? [Video]. YouTube.
Newheat (no date) How does solar thermal energy work?. Available at: https://newheat.com/en/how-does-solar-thermal-energy-work/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Offshore Energy (no date) $1 billion contract awarded for UK subsea electricity superhighway. Available at: https://www.offshore-energy.biz/1-billion-contract-awarded-for-uk-subsea-electricity-superhighway/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Orbital Marine Power (no date) Orbital Marine Power. Available at: https://orbitalmarine.com/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Our World in Data (no date a) Energy consumption by source, Netherlands. [Data set]. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Our World in Data (no date b) Solar photovoltaic panel prices. [Data set]. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Ouwehand, J., Papa, T., Gilijamse, W. and de Geus, J. (2017) Duurzame energietechniek. Amsterdam: Boom.
Ouwehand, J., Papa, T., Post, E. and Taal, A. (2012) Toegepaste energietechniek. 4th edn. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers.
Pasquill, F. (1972) ‘Aerodynamic characteristics of atmospheric boundary layers’, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 51(3), pp. 622–623.
Power Electronic Tips (no date) Motor fundamentals: DC motors FAQ. Available at: https://www.powerelectronictips.com/motor-fundamentals-dc-motors-faq (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
QuantumScape (no date) QuantumScape. Available at: https://www.quantumscape.com/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
RealPars (no date) What is a gas turbine? [Video]. YouTube.
Savree (no date) Power engineering fundamentals. [Online course]. Available at: https://courses.savree.com/courses/power-engineering-fundamentals (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Science Notes (no date) What causes wind to blow?. Available at: https://sciencenotes.org/what-causes-wind-to-blow/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Science Ready (no date) AC induction motor. Available at: https://scienceready.com.au/pages/ac-induction-motor (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Sol-Ark (no date) How do solar panels work? A guide. Available at: http://sol-ark.com/how-do-solar-panels-work-a-guide/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
SolarCC (no date) Thermal solar power plant explained. Available at: https://solarcc.com/thermal-solar-power-plant-explained/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
SparkFun Electronics (no date) What is electricity?. Available at: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Student Energy (no date) Hydropower [Video]. YouTube.
TC Energy (no date) Canyon Creek pumped storage. Available at: https://www.tcenergy.com/operations/power/canyon-creek-pumped-storage/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
TED-Ed (no date) How do wind turbines work? – Rebecca J. Barthelmie and Sara C. Pryor [Video]. YouTube.
Tegenstroom (no date) Buurtbatterij Rijsenhout. Available at: https://tegenstroom.nl/zonnepanelen/buurtbatterij-rijsenhout (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Texas Gateway (no date) Electric generators. Available at: https://texasgateway.org/resource/65-electric-generators (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
The Engineering Mindset (no date a) AC electrical generator basics [Video]. YouTube.
The Engineering Mindset (no date b) Generate electricity: how solar panels work [Video]. YouTube.
The Engineering Mindset (no date c) How does a transformer work? [Video]. YouTube.
The Engineering Mindset (no date d) How does an electric motor work? (DC motor) [Video]. YouTube.
The Engineering Mindset (no date e) How electricity works: working principle [Video]. YouTube.
The Engineering Mindset (no date f) How plate heat exchangers work. Available at: https://theengineeringmindset.com/micro-plate-heat-echangers/how-plate-heat-exchanger-works/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
The Engineering Mindset (no date g) Induction motor basics (AC motor) [Video]. YouTube.
U.S. Department of Energy (no date) Comparison of fuel cell technologies. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/cmei/fuels/comparison-fuel-cell-technologies (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
U.S. Energy Information Administration (no date) What is energy?. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Valmet (no date) Biomass to energy. Available at: https://www.valmet.com/energyproduction/energy-solutions/biomass-to-energy (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Viridian Solar (no date a) Different forms of solar energy. Available at: https://www.viridiansolar.co.uk/resources-2-0-different-forms-solar-energy.html#pv (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Viridian Solar (no date b) Solar PV inverter. Available at: https://www.viridiansolar.co.uk/resources-4-5-Solar-PV-Inverter.html (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
WaterMeln (no date) WaterMeln. Available at: https://watermeln.com/ (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date a) Bhadla Solar Park. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadla_Solar_Park (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date b) Crust (geology). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology) (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date c) DC-to-DC converter. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date d) Electrolysis. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date e) Floating solar. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_solar (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date f) Gas-turbine engine. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-turbine_engine (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date g) Gemini (windmolenpark) [Dutch]. Available at: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(windmolenpark) (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date h) Geothermal energy. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date i) Growth of photovoltaics. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date j) Heat transfer. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date k) Hydroelectricity. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date l) Hydropower. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date m) Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesjavellir_Geothermal_Power_Station (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date n) Solar panel. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date o) Taishan Nuclear Power Plant. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taishan_Nuclear_Power_Plant (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date p) Tidal power. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date q) Transformer. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date r) Turbojet. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikipedia (no date s) Turboshaft. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
ZEISS (no date) Gas and steam turbines. Available at: https://www.zeiss.nl/metrologie/industrieen/power-and-energy/gas-and-steam-turbines.html (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Image credits
Photographs and illustrations credited on the slides. Descriptions in italics replace original titles, which were not given.
Aust, H. (no date) Racing speedboat [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Barbulescu, M. (no date) Atomium, Brussels [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Eaters Collective (no date) Pasta salad [Photograph]. Unsplash.
Kennis in Beeld (2011a) Current power grid [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.kennisinbeeld.nl (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Kennis in Beeld (2011b) Future power grid [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.kennisinbeeld.nl (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
mjh_shikder (no date) Technology network [Digital image]. Pixabay.
Pexels (no date) Steeplechase runners [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Ramírez, L. (no date) Roller coaster [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Roumanet, D. (no date) Fuel pump nozzles [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Schwarzenberger, M. (no date) Power lines at sunrise [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Skitterians, R. and Skitterians, P. (no date) Metal spring [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Socha, A. (no date) Earth, day and night [Digital image]. Pixabay.
Tumisu (no date) Microphone and sound wave [Digital image]. Pixabay.
Wikimedia Commons (no date a) Coal fired power plant diagram [Diagram]. Available at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/1280px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wikimedia Commons (no date b) Jet engine [Diagram]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine#/media/File:Jet_engine.svg (Accessed: 8 October 2026).
Wilson, S. (no date) Hot spring [Photograph]. Pixabay.
zdenet (no date) Fire flames [Photograph]. Pixabay.
Acknowledgments
The course was developed by Tadeo-Baldiri Salcedo-Rahola and Ruben van Duren, Research Group Energy in Transition, The Hague University of Applied Sciences.
