References
Bailey, V. (2019) The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970. Abingdon: Routledge.
Commissioners for the Government of Pentonville Prison, Fifth Report (1847) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXX.481.
Criminal Offenders (England and Wales) 1835 (1836) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XLI.11.
Criminal Offenders (England and Wales) 1838 (1839) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXXVIII.241.
Crone, R. (2022) Illiterate Inmates: Educating Criminals in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Directors of Convict Prisons: Reports on Discipline and Management of Pentonville, Parkhurst, Millbank, Portland, Portsmouth, Dartmoor, and Brixton Prisons, and Hulks, 1855 (1856) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXXV.1.
Holford, G. (1828) An Account of the General Penitentiary at Millbank. London, C. & J. Rivington.
‘Home Office circular to keepers of prisons’, 31 October (1834) The National Archives, HO 329/47.
Inspectors of Prisons of Great Britain II. Northern and Eastern District, Eleventh Report (1846) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXI.483.
Inspectors of Prisons of Great Britain II. Northern and Eastern District, Seventeenth Report (1852–53) Parliamentary Papers, vol. LII.1.
Mayhew, H. and Binny, J. (1862) The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life. London: Griffin, Bihn & Company.
Morrison, W.D. (1891) Crime and its Causes. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
Regulations for Prisons in England and Wales (1840) London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Reports and Schedules Pursuant to Gaol Acts [i.e. Gaol Act Reports] (1826) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXIV.1.
Reports and Schedules Pursuant to Gaol Acts [i.e. Gaol Act Reports] (1845) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XXXVII.417.
Reports and Schedules Pursuant to Gaol Acts [i.e. Gaol Act Reports] (1847) Parliamentary Papers, vol. XLVII.297.
Rules for the Government of the Pentonville Prison (1842) London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Shoemaker, R. and Ward, R. (2017) ‘Understanding the criminal: record-keeping, statistics and the early history of criminology in England’, British Journal of Criminology, 57(6), pp. 1442–1461.
Symons, J. (1847) A Plea for Schools, which sets forth the dearth of education and the growth of crime. London: James Ridgway.
Vincent, D. (2014) ‘The invention of counting: the statistical measurement of literacy in nineteenth-century England’, Comparative Education, 50(3), pp. 266–81.
Vincent, D. (2020) A History of Solitude. Cambridge: Polity.
Wiener, M.J. (1990) Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
‘Yarmouth Gaol Schoolmaster’s Journal’ (1853–1862), Norfolk Record Office, Y/L2/60.