Acknowledgements

This free course was written by Annika Mombauer, Vincent Trott and Stuart Mitchell and was first published in December 2023.

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] ), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.

The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:

Images

Figure 1: photograph Jarretera / Shutterstock.com

Figures 2 and 3: Google Scholar

Figure 4: JSTOR logo © JSTOR; photograph II.studio / Shutterstock.com

Figures 5 and 7: search results from JSTOR

Figure 6: Jure Divich/Shutterstock.com

Figure 8: Taken from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26073; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 25 (1990) 289-316, Sage Publications Ltd.

Figure 10: sample from German History in Documents and Images webpage: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/ home.cfm; © GHDI

Figure 11: Steven Frame / 123RF

Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Don't miss out

If reading this text has inspired you to learn more, you may be interested in joining the millions of people who discover our free learning resources and qualifications by visiting The Open University – www.open.edu/ openlearn/ free-courses.