1. Lack of incentives or reward. In the UK the alignment of open access with the Research Excellence Framework (REF) has created an incentive, although their is a risk that many researchers will see this as an unwelcome burden rather than subscribing to the positive arguments for open access. For research data the situation is somewhat different; the skewed emphasis on publishing with elite journals means that there is little incentive to share data.

2. Lack of resources. Not all researchers are eligible for funding to pay for open access - many are also suspicious of the green option e.g. depositing author accepted manuscript in an institutional repository. Making data openly available can time consuming - and researchers are typically time poor.