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In Course 1: Introduction to Safeguarding in the International Aid Sector we explored barriers to reporting and how societal perceptions, myths and assumptions, and stigma and shame play a big part in preventing survivors of SEAH from reporting.

It is not uncommon for survivors to be blamed for suffering harm from SEAH.

For example, they may be accused of not taking appropriate precautions, exposing themselves to danger, or dressing in ways that encourages or invites SEAH. Where victim-blaming is prevalent, people may be more reluctant to report. Survivors may also internalise blame and feel that they do not deserve help or support.

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There are also negative consequences of reporting. Sometimes survivors may not want to report for fear that they would not be believed, particularly if the perpetrator is in a more powerful position or enjoys the support of leadership/management.

They may also worry that reporting may result in aid to their community being stopped, or that reporting will damage their chances of getting married in the future. The fear that the perpetrator would lose their job leading to impoverishment of their family may also deter reporting.

Other factors inhibiting reporting include fear of retaliation (by the perpetrator, families, employers or society) and limited trust in internal or external reporting systems.

Barriers to reporting for men and boys

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Whilst it is important to provide support and services, such as safe spaces, counselling services and medical care, specifically for women and children, it is equally important to make sure men, boys and people of non-binary genders (LBGTQI – lesbian, bisexual, gay, transgender, queer (or questioning) and intersex) are not overlooked and that their specific needs are catered for.

Disclosure of SEAH by men and boys may be perceived by society as a sign of weakness. They may fear shame, ridicule, further harm or not being believed and avoid reporting it.

Barriers to reporting for LBGTQI people

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In many contexts, heterosexual relationships are considered the norm, with other kinds of relationship considered something ‘deviant’ or ‘unnatural’ to be treated or cured.

These kinds of views might not only deter survivors of same-sex abuse from reporting concerns, but also influence ideas about what kind of ‘support’ is available or appropriate.

Due to phobias and stigmas associated with being non-heterosexual, LGBTQI survivors of sexual violence face specific challenges when attempting to access support services.

Barriers faced by LGBTQI people in accessing help or support can be complex and include:

• Structural: Protection services for LGBTQI people are non-existent because their sexuality is illegal in many countries.
• Cultural: Services which may be available are not designed or delivered to be accessible to or inclusive of LGBTQI people.
• Individual: LGBTQI people’s perception of the support system, of their selves, of the abuse, and of their relationship with the perpetrator/s.