Acknowledgements

This free course was written by Andrew Norton.

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] ), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.

The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:

Images

Course image: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

Figure 2(a): NASA/ESA/Hubble

Figure 2(b): X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; optical: NASA/STScI

Figure 2(c): European Southern Observatory, www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.167-mar17/messenger-no167-20-25.pdf; released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 2(d): ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1239a/; released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 3: ESA and NASA

Figure 4: UCL/University of London Observatory/Steve Fossey/Ben Cooke/Guy Pollack/Matthew Wilde/Thomas Wright

Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

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