Last, but definitely not least, Social Interdependence Theory lies at the heart of CL. The CL  principles of positive interdependence and individual accountability can be directly traced to this theory. It leads us to ask whether people feel positively interdependent with others, negatively interdependent, i.e., they believe their outcomes are negatively correlated with the outcomes of others, or do they feel no interdependence. Do they believe no correlation exists between their outcomes and those of others? If so, it is likely that their learning will be limited.

Many CL techniques, such as Jigsaw, were created explicitly apply Social Interdependence Theory. Furthermore, many, many studies grounded in Social Interdependence Theory have been conducted with students and others. For instance, one study from the 1950s was done in New York City to examine what factors would empower people of different races to live together harmoniously. Indeed, Jigsaw asks the same question with students.

A look at the history books, as well as today’s headlines, shows many examples of a lack of harmony, whether this disharmony manifests itself in wars, conflicts over resources, discrimination against people different from us, or lack of compassion toward those in need. One of the reasons so many teachers and others use CL lies in its research-based potential to boost learning while also cultivating harmony. What a great combination!