Skills and tools in programming and mathematics will have a direct impact on our ability to monitor and safeguard farmed animal welfare. A more complex but connected network of computer scientists, welfare experts, veterinarians, and behavioural scientists within aquaculture could also lead to entirely new collaborations that generate new knowledge in how welfare data can be managed and analysed. This consequently could provide various new insights for fundamental and applied research in aquatic animal welfare. This module has focused largely on what technological advancements are required to progress farmed animal welfare science and related on-farm practices. However, technology alone is not enough to drive real-world improvements, and it is vital to recognise the role that the human factor plays in this. Meaningful contributions require a deep understanding of each aquaculture sector, including its current practices, challenges, and stakeholder perceptions of welfare.

The human factor - Perspectives, priorities, and concerns of stakeholders

Developing effective WASs and improving the most appropriate WIs and management strategies requires more than just technological advancements - it demands a deep understanding of what drives change within each respective industry and how their farms will adopt and sustain these improvements. Extensive knowledge of the current welfare concerns for each farmed species, as well as the perspectives, routines, and responsibilities of key stakeholders, is essential for ensuring new welfare strategies are both practical and impactful.

As discussed in the first module, the human aspect of farmed animal welfare is a core consideration to progress, be it in research or in practice. Technology and scientific advancements can enhance monitoring and management capabilities, but the humans directly involved in the farming processes are who ultimately will make the decisions that shape animal welfare outcomes. Proposed changes must therefore align with the realities of the industry, ensuring that improvements are both feasible and effective.

By integrating stakeholder perspectives, advancements in farmed animal welfare management are more likely to be both effective and practical. Given the complexity of aquatic environments and the diversity of farming systems involved, any proposed changes must consider rearing conditions, husbandry practices, farm staff responsibilities, and welfare factors that are specific to each species and production stage (from breeding and rearing to transport and slaughter).

The value of professional opinions - farmer consultation as a research priority

As many aquaculture sectors and their practices continue to intensify, efficiency and practicality become increasingly important. WASs must fit seamlessly into existing workflows. Firsthand experience across all production stages provides critical insights into current practices and challenges, helping to refine assessments to be scientifically sound and operationally viable.

People directly involved in farming, transportation, retail, and processing will often have a better understanding of how the processes involved are linked with the animals' health and welfare, or at least with what practical limitations there are when implementing welfare management strategies into their routines. Consulting these individuals alongside any developments therefore increases the likelihood of their adoption. 

Engaging with stakeholders to ensure welfare safeguarding

In regions where awareness and understanding of farmed animal welfare is still developing, a collaborative, step-by-step approach is essential. Co-developing welfare practices and educating industry professionals ensures realistic, culturally relevant, and lasting improvements are made.

Taking into account different perspectives within a particular industry, and working towards establishing a clear consensus on future research priorities, and what matters most for farmed animal welfare, provides the best foundation for progressing this field and the safeguarding of these animals.