By the end of this section you will understand what mental health is, how it is shaped, and how different dimensions of mental health interact. You will also learn how mental health moves along a continuum and why small changes can create positive ripple effects.

Definition

Mental health is a fundamental human right and an essential part of overall health. As the World Health Organisation states, there is no health without mental health. Good mental health enables people to realise their potential, to study or work effectively, to build relationships, to contribute to their communities, and to make everyday decisions.

Mental health is holistic and dynamic. It is shaped by biology, life experiences, culture, and the social and physical environments around us. At the same time, our mental state influences how we perceive and respond to those environments, making them feel either more supportive or more stressful. Importantly, mental health can be strengthened, supported, and improved.

Dimensions of mental health

Mental health is not a single thing. It is a set of interconnected dimensions that rise and fall together. Seeing these dimensions clearly helps us notice strengths, spot early warning signs, and choose practical next steps.

Emotional

This dimension relates to how we experience and regulate feelings such as calm, worry, or frustration. Skills like naming emotions, soothing the body, and using grounding techniques provide support here.

Cognitive (Thinking)

This dimension involves attention, memory, problem-solving, and the stories we tell ourselves. Unhelpful habits such as all-or-nothing thinking can narrow choices, while flexible thinking opens them up.

Behavioural (Actions)

This dimension refers to daily habits and coping strategies. Sleep, movement, nutrition, and helpful routines build resilience. Avoidance and short-term fixes, however, can keep us stuck.

Social (Connection)

This dimension reflects the quality of relationships and sense of belonging. Supportive ties can buffer stress, while isolation and conflict increase risk.

Physical and Biological

This dimension captures brain–body links including sleep, hormones, medical conditions, and substance use. Body states strongly shape mood and attention.

Meaning and Values

This dimension is about sense of purpose and alignment between actions and what matters. In Acceptance and Commitment Therapy terms, it involves clarifying values and taking committed action, even in the presence of difficult thoughts and feelings.

Environment and Culture (Context)

This dimension covers safety, income, workload, stigma, discrimination, and access to nature and services. Context can either help or hinder every other dimension.

Image caption: Dimensions of Mental Health.

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