Ecotoxicity refers to the harmful and often cumulative effects caused by the release of biological, chemical, or physical substances that directly damage the health of ecosystems.
Common sources of ecotoxicity include wastewater — which may contain faeces, uneaten feed, disease-treating chemicals, antibiotics, and microplastics — all of which act as stressors on aquatic and terrestrial environments. These substances can induce chronic stress in farmed fish, compromising their immune systems and growth, while also triggering broader environmental consequences, such as disrupted food chains, reduced biodiversity, and long-term ecological degradation.
The impact of ecotoxicity extends beyond immediate contamination, often leading to systemic imbalances that threaten both wildlife and human well-being.

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