A strategic, holistic approach is essential for fostering sustainable seafood and aquaculture systems that balance productivity, animal welfare, and environmental health. Key measures include genetic selection and selective breeding to enhance disease resistance, optimized nutrition and feed management to support immune function, and improved housing conditions that reduce stress and disease susceptibility.
Alternative treatments, such as probiotics or phytotherapeutics, can replace or reduce antimicrobial use, while comprehensive biosecurity protocols and thoughtful waste management minimize pathogen spread and environmental contamination. By integrating these strategies, the industry can achieve long-term sustainability, ensuring that production systems are resilient, efficient, and aligned with One Health principles.

Biosecurity practices are a cornerstone of disease prevention, dividing measures into external (bioexclusion) and internal (biocontainment) strategies to block pathogen entry and spread.
External biosecurity involves controlling access points — limiting entry to essential personnel, enforcing visitor sign-ins, and quarantining new animals — while managing vehicles and equipment through designated clean zones and disinfection protocols.
Internal biosecurity focuses on movement protocols, such as one-way flow from clean to dirty areas, hygiene practices like handwashing and boot disinfection, and separate equipment for different animal groups.

Sanitation and waste management are critical, requiring regular cleaning with appropriate disinfectants, secure waste storage, and pest control programs to prevent contamination.
Water quality management — monitoring parameters like temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels — ensures a healthy environment for aquatic species. To sustain these efforts, staff training, clear documentation, and regular audits are vital, enabling continuous improvement and adaptation to emerging risks. Together, these practices elevate animal health, reduce antibiotic dependence, and mitigate AMR, fostering a safer and more sustainable aquaculture industry.

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