Acknowledgements
This free course was written by Katja Rietdorf and Ilias Kounatidis. It is an adapted extract from the Open University course S296 Cell and molecular biology [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] .
Figures
Course image: The Human Protein Atlas, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134057-CCNB1/subcellular#, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Figure 4: (a) The Human Protein Atlas, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176783-RUFY1/summary/antibody#IHC, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/; (b) The Human Protein Atlas, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176783-RUFY1/summary/antibody#IHC, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/; (c) Ivan V, Martinez-Sanchez E, Sima LE, Oorschot V, Klumperman J, Petrescu SM, et al. (2012) AP-3 and Rabip4’ Coordinately Regulate Spatial Distribution of Lysosomes, PLoS ONE, 7(10): e48142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048142., Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
Figure 6: © Woravit Vijitpanya | Dreamstime.com
Figure 8: (c) Dr Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library; (d) National Institutes of Health / United States Department of Health and Human Services
Figure 12: (b) Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University / National Cancer Institute / Science Photo Library
Figure 13: (a) Heiti Paves, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0), via Wikimedia Commons; (c) Miguel Hermoso Cuesta, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0), via Wikimedia Commons; (d) Knut Haugland, CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), via Wikimedia Commons
Videos
Video 1: footage courtesy of:
Simon Walker, PhD, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
Dr Martin Bootman, The Open University, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Professor Tom Kirchhausen, Harvard Medical School, USA, for providing the movies published in Liu, T.-L. et al. (2018) ‘Observing the cell in its native state: Imaging subcellular dynamics in multicellular organisms’, Science, 360(6386), eaaq1392. Available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaq1392 (Accessed: 10 September 2025).
Dr Katja Rietdorf, The Open University, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Video 2: Dr Martin Bootman, The Open University, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.
The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:
Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
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