OLCreate: PUB_5108_1.0: 3.5.2. Harm in Online Contexts

3.5.2. Harm in Online Contexts

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Harm can happen anywhere. In an online context, it relates to what you see (content), what you are doing(participant), or what is being done (conduct).

	Nature of Risk
	Commercial	Sexual	Aggressive	Values
Content [Recipient]	Adverts Spam Sponsorship Personal Information	Pornographic or unwelcome sexual content	Violent or hateful content	Bias Racist Misleading Information
Contact [Participant]	Tracking Harvesting Personal Information	Meeting strangers Being groomed	Being bullied harassed or stalked	Self-harm
Conduct [Actor]	Illegal downloading Hacking Gambling Financial Scams Terrorism	Creating and uploading inappropriate material	Bullying or harassing another person	Providing misleading information and advise

Source: London School of Economics Framework for Digital Risks Management

There is limited data on risks experienced by institutions in digital safeguarding. However, there are a few indications that indeed harm is happening in Kenya. From literature, the following data is available:

A study on Cyberbullying among University Students: The Kenyan Experience, 2020 indicates that 75.8% of the respondents had been lied to by someone online. the same study reports that 49.7% of the respondents had sent a rude message to someone electronically.
A study on An Examination of Threats facing Assets in Use in 31 Kenyan Public Universities, May 2021 revealed that data protection and information security risks from viruses, hacking, ransomware and phishing are notable threats.

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Safeguarding, Economic Inclusion and Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI)

3.5.2. Harm in Online Contexts